다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

[1] Direct detection of N(4S) atom formation in the 193 nm photolysis of N2O by a technique of vacuum ultraviolet (vuv) laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy has been reported. Tunable vuv laser radiation around 120.071 nm that is resonant to the one-photon N(2p23s 4P1/2 − 2p3 4S3/2) transition has been generated by two-photon resonant four-wave sum frequency mixing in Hg vapor. The quantum yield value for N(4S) formation in the N2O photolysis at 193 nm has been determined to be 2.1 (±0.9) × 10−3. The N(4S) detection technique, which is developed in this study, is very sensitive, and the minimum detection limit is estimated to be 2 × 109 atoms cm−3. Impact of the photolytic N(4S) and NO(X2Π) production from N2O photolysis on stratospheric chemistry has been explored using a one-dimensional photochemical model, while the fragmentation was not considered in former model calculations. When the N(4S) + NO dissociation channel is considered in the photochemical model, an enhancement of the NOx production rate (up to 3%) is observed, which is followed by a decrease of the steady state O3 concentration throughout the stratosphere.

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Quantum yield for N(4S) production in the ultraviolet photolysis of N2O

Isotopic Variations Associated with North-South Displacement of the Baiu Front

Formation of the ground-state nitrogen atom, N(4S), following 193.3-nm ArF laser irradiation of NO and NO2 was detected directly by a technique of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy at 120.07 nm. Tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) laser radiation around 120.07 nm was generated by two-photon resonance four-wave sum frequency mixing in Hg vapor. Photoexcitation processes of NO and NO2 giving rise to the N(4S) formation are discussed on the basis of the Doppler profiles of the nascent N(4S) atoms produced from the photolysis of NO and NO2 and the photolysis laser-power dependence of the N(4S) signal intensities. Using laser flash photolysis and vacuum ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence detection, the kinetics of the reactions of N(4S) with NO and NO2 have been investigated at 295 ± 2 K. The rate constants for the reactions of N(4S) with NO and NO2 were determined to be (3.8 ± 0.2) × 10-11 and (7.3 ± 0.9) × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively, where the quoted uncertainties are 2σ statistical ...

N(4S) formation following the 193.3-nm ArF laser irradiation of NO and NO2 and its application to kinetic studies of N(4S) reactions with NO and NO2.

Doppler profiles of H atoms from the photodissociation of H2O2 at 193 nm were measured by a laser-induced fluorescence method at 121.6 nm. On the average, 149 kJ mol−1 of energy is released as translational energy, which corresponds to about to 60% of the available energy. Doppler width anisotropy data show that the anisotropy parameter, β, for the photofragment angular distribution is −0.26 ± 0.11. This result implies that the H2O2 A1A state is responsible for H atom formation.

Formation of a Hydrogen Atom from the Photodissociation of Hydrogen Peroxide at 193 nm

Photodissociation of (CH3Br)2+ was studied at 355 nm with photofragment imaging spectroscopy for the product CH3Br+. The center-of-mass translational energy distribution is represented by a Gaussian distribution that peaks at 25 kcal mol-1. The angular distribution is characterized by the anisotropy parameter β = 1.8 ± 0.2. Photodissociation dynamics of the ion dimer at 355 nm is discussed.

Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Quantum yield for N(4S) production in the ultraviolet photolysis of N2O

Isotopic Variations Associated with North-South Displacement of the Baiu Front

N(4S) formation following the 193.3-nm ArF laser irradiation of NO and NO2 and its application to kinetic studies of N(4S) reactions with NO and NO2.

Formation of a Hydrogen Atom from the Photodissociation of Hydrogen Peroxide at 193 nm

Photofragment imaging of ch3br+ from (ch3br)2+ at 355 nm