다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

Photodissociation of iodine monochloride has been investigated at 235–248 nm by studying Doppler profiles of (2+1) resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization spectra of fragment chlorine atoms and two‐photon laser induced fluorescence spectra of iodine atoms. At 235.3–237.8 nm, a measured branching ratio of [Cl*(2P1/2)]/[Cl(2P3/2)] is 0.68±0.10. At 248 nm, the [I*(2P1/2)]/[I(2P3/2)] ratio is 0.71±0.27. From the measured Doppler profiles and the ab initio calculation, the photoprepared states leading to Cl and Cl* production are assigned to the 3Π0+ (and possibly 3∑−0+) and the 1Π1 states, respectively. Nonadiabatic couplings between the potential curves have been discussed.

Photodissociation of ICI at 235-248 nm

FTIR-smog chamber techniques were used to study the products of the Cl atom and OH radical initiated oxidation of CF3CHdCH2 in 700 Torr of N2/O2, diluent at 296 K. The Cl atom initiated oxidation of CF3CHdCH2 in 700 Torr of air in the absence of NOx gives CF3C(O)CH2Cl and CF3CHO in yields of 70 ( 5% and 6.2 ( 0.5%, respectively. Reaction with Cl atoms proceeds via addition to the >CdC CdC< double bond leading to the formation of CxF2x+1C(O)HCH2OH and CxF2x+1CHOHCH2O radicals. Decomposition via C-C bond scission is the sole fate of CxF2x+1CH(O)CH2OH and CxF2x+1CH(OH)CH2O radicals. As part of this work a rate constant of k(Cl+CF3C(O)CH2Cl) ) (5.63 ( 0.66) 10 -14 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 was determined. The results are discussed with respect to previous literature data and the possibility that the atmospheric oxidation of C xF2x+1CHdCH2 contributes to the observed burden of perfluorocarboxylic acids, C xF2x+1COOH, in remote locations.

Atmospheric Chemistry of CF3CHdCH2 and C4F9CHdCH2: Products of the Gas-Phase Reactions with Cl Atoms and OH Radicals

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Erratum: Doppler spectroscopy of chlorine atoms generated from photodissociation of hydrogen chloride and methyl chloride at 157 and 193 nm [J. Chem. Phys. 92, 1696 (1990)]

Collision induced intersystem crossing of O(2p 1D) to O(2p 3Pj) j=0,1,2 was studied by vacuum‐ultraviolet laser induced fluorescence The nascent j‐branching ratios of O(3Pj) produced from collision of O(1D) with Xe, Kr, N2, CO2, and CF3H at the collision energy of 156, 147, 114, 130, and 144 kcal/mol are [O(3P0)]/[O(3P1)]/[O(3P2)]=(028±004)/(058±005)/1, (033±005)/(045±007)/1, (023±005)/(035±005)/1, (014±005)/(041±005)/1, and (020±005)/(045±005)/1, respectively The j‐branching ratios are discussed in terms of potential curve crossing between singlet and triplet surfaces and nonadiabatic nature of the potential surfaces Doppler profiles of the product O(3Pj) atoms were measured as a function of time delay between pump and probe laser pulses By calculating the kinetic energy from the Doppler profiles, electronic energy transfer efficiencies to the internal energy of N2, CO, CO2, and CF3H are obtained to be (30±7), (31±7), (49±3), and (52±5)%, respectively

Fine structure branching ratios and translational energies of O(3Pj) atoms produced from collision induced intersystem crossing of O(1D) atoms

Doppler profiles of H and D atoms from the reaction S(1D) with HD and a 1:1 mixture of H2 and D2
have been measured by a laser-induced fluorescence technique with a vacuum ultraviolet laser. An
isotopic channel branching ratio of φ (SD + H)/φ (SH + D) is measured to be 0.9 ± 0.1 in the reaction
of S(1D) + HD at average collision energy Ecoll = 1.2 kcal/mol. In S(1D) + HD, D2, and H2, the translational
energies released are almost the same, 4.6 ± 0.5 kcal/mol for H and D production channels. The measured
branching ratio and translational energy release suggest that the reaction proceeds via a long-lived complex
formed by insertion.

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Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Photodissociation of ICI at 235-248 nm

Atmospheric Chemistry of CF3CHdCH2 and C4F9CHdCH2: Products of the Gas-Phase Reactions with Cl Atoms and OH Radicals

Erratum: Doppler spectroscopy of chlorine atoms generated from photodissociation of hydrogen chloride and methyl chloride at 157 and 193 nm [J. Chem. Phys. 92, 1696 (1990)]

Fine structure branching ratios and translational energies of O(3Pj) atoms produced from collision induced intersystem crossing of O(1D) atoms

Dynamics of the reaction s(1d) + hd, h2, and d2: isotopic branching ratios and translational energy release