다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The application of electrostatic lenses is demonstrated to give a substantial improvement of the two-dimensional (2D) ion/electron imaging technique. This combination of ion lens optics and 2D detection makes “velocity map imaging” possible, i.e., all particles with the same initial velocity vector are mapped onto the same point on the detector. Whereas the more common application of grid electrodes leads to transmission reduction, severe trajectory deflections and blurring due to the non-point source geometry, these problems are avoided with open lens electrodes. A three-plate assembly with aperture electrodes has been tested and its properties are compared with those of grid electrodes. The photodissociation processes occurring in molecular oxygen following the two-photon 3dπ(3Σ1g −)(v=2, N=2)←X(3Σg −) Rydberg excitation around 225 nm are presented here to show the improvement in spatial resolution in the ion and electron images. Simulated trajectory calculations show good agreement with experiment and ...

Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen

The primary aim of this article is to provide an overview of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans, and recommend clear, specific, and descriptive terminology, names, and acronyms for PFASs. The overarching objective is to unify and harmonize communication on PFASs by offering terminology for use by the global scientific, regulatory, and industrial communities. A particular emphasis is placed on long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, substances related to the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids, and substances intended as alternatives to the use of the long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids or their precursors. First, we define PFASs, classify them into various families, and recommend a pragmatic set of common names and acronyms for both the families and their individual members. Terminology related to fluorinated polymers is an important aspect of our classification. Second, we provide a brief description of the 2 main production processes, electrochemical fluorination and telomerization, used for introducing perfluoroalkyl moieties into organic compounds, and we specify the types of byproducts (isomers and homologues) likely to arise in these processes. Third, we show how the principal families of PFASs are interrelated as industrial, environmental, or metabolic precursors or transformation products of one another. We pay particular attention to those PFASs that have the potential to be converted, by abiotic or biotic environmental processes or by human metabolism, into long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic or sulfonic acids, which are currently the focus of regulatory action. The Supplemental Data lists 42 families and subfamilies of PFASs and 268 selected individual compounds, providing recommended names and acronyms, and structural formulas, as well as Chemical Abstracts Service registry numbers. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:513–541. © 2011 SETAC

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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification, and origins

Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry Coordinating Lead Authors: Kenneth L. Denman (Canada), Guy Brasseur (USA, Germany) Lead Authors: Amnat Chidthaisong (Thailand), Philippe Ciais (France), Peter M. Cox (UK), Robert E. Dickinson (USA), Didier Hauglustaine (France), Christoph Heinze (Norway, Germany), Elisabeth Holland (USA), Daniel Jacob (USA, France), Ulrike Lohmann (Switzerland), Srikanthan Ramachandran (India), Pedro Leite da Silva Dias (Brazil), Steven C. Wofsy (USA), Xiaoye Zhang (China) Contributing Authors: D. Archer (USA), V. Arora (Canada), J. Austin (USA), D. Baker (USA), J.A. Berry (USA), R. Betts (UK), G. Bonan (USA), P. Bousquet (France), J. Canadell (Australia), J. Christian (Canada), D.A. Clark (USA), M. Dameris (Germany), F. Dentener (EU), D. Easterling (USA), V. Eyring (Germany), J. Feichter (Germany), P. Friedlingstein (France, Belgium), I. Fung (USA), S. Fuzzi (Italy), S. Gong (Canada), N. Gruber (USA, Switzerland), A. Guenther (USA), K. Gurney (USA), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), J. House (UK), A. Jones (UK), C. Jones (UK), B. Karcher (Germany), M. Kawamiya (Japan), K. Lassey (New Zealand), C. Le Quere (UK, France, Canada), C. Leck (Sweden), J. Lee-Taylor (USA, UK), Y. Malhi (UK), K. Masarie (USA), G. McFiggans (UK), S. Menon (USA), J.B. Miller (USA), P. Peylin (France), A. Pitman (Australia), J. Quaas (Germany), M. Raupach (Australia), P. Rayner (France), G. Rehder (Germany), U. Riebesell (Germany), C. Rodenbeck (Germany), L. Rotstayn (Australia), N. Roulet (Canada), C. Sabine (USA), M.G. Schultz (Germany), M. Schulz (France, Germany), S.E. Schwartz (USA), W. Steffen (Australia), D. Stevenson (UK), Y. Tian (USA, China), K.E. Trenberth (USA), T. Van Noije (Netherlands), O. Wild (Japan, UK), T. Zhang (USA, China), L. Zhou (USA, China) Review Editors: Kansri Boonpragob (Thailand), Martin Heimann (Germany, Switzerland), Mario Molina (USA, Mexico) This chapter should be cited as: Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais, P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D. Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva Dias, S.C. Wofsy and X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

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Couplings between changes in the climate system and biogeochemistry

Laser-induced fluorescence study of the quenching of Cl(2P1/2) in collisions with N2 molecules and rare gas atoms

Pulsed laser photolysis vacuum UV laser-induced fluorescence kinetic study of the reactions of Cl(2P3/2) atoms with ethyl formate, n-propyl formate, and n-butyl formate

Potential energy curves of triplet states for collinear O–O2 were calculated by ab initio CASSCF and MRSDCI methods. We found a pseudocrossing between 1 3Σ− (6 3A″) and 2 3Σ− (7 3A″) states at long O–O2 separation. The electronic quenching reaction, O(1D)+O2(X 3Σg−)→O(3P)+O2(b 1Σg+), is dominated by the nonadiabatic transition via the pseudocrossing. The collision energy dependence of the quenching reaction probability, which is evaluated by Zhu and Nakamura’s formula, is found to be in good agreement with experiment.

Electronic quenching of O(1D) by collisions with O2: A theoretical study in a collinear case

The rate constant for removal of O(1D) by reaction with CF3CN has been measured to be (1.3 ± 0.2) × 10−10 cm3 molecule−1
 s−1 at room temperature by a time-resolved laser induced fluorescence (LIF) technique. The quantum yield for the electronic quenching O(1D) to O(3P) has been also measured to be 0.14 ± 0.02. The O(1D) and O(3P) atoms were detected by LIF using a vacuum ultraviolet laser as a probe laser. CN(X2Σ+) and NCO(X2Π) products were also detected by LIF using ultraviolet and visible lasers, respectively. The CN(X)
 radical was observed as a primary product, while the NCO(X
2Π) radical was not observed as
 a primary product in the present reaction.

Reaction kinetics of O(1D) with CF3CN

The kinetics and mechanism of the reaction Cl + CH3(CH2)3CHO was investigated using absolute (PLP−LIF) and relative rate techniques in 8 Torr of argon or 800−950 Torr of N2 at 295 ± 2 K. The absolute rate experiments gave k[Cl+CH3(CH2)3CHO] = (2.31 ± 0.35) × 10-10 in 8 Torr of argon, while relative rate experiments gave k[Cl+CH3(CH2)3CHO] = (2.24 ± 0.20) × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 in 800−950 Torr of N2. Additional relative rate experiments gave k[Cl+CH3(CH2)3C(O)Cl] = (8.74 ± 1.38) × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 in 700 Torr of N2. Smog chamber Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques indicated that the acyl-forming channel accounts for 42 ± 3% of the reaction. The results are discussed with respect to the literature data and the importance of long range (greater than or equal to two carbon atoms along the aliphatic chain) effects in determining the reactivity of organic molecules toward chlorine atoms.

Yutaka Matsumi

Papers

Laser-induced fluorescence study of the quenching of Cl(2P1/2) in collisions with N2 molecules and rare gas atoms

Pulsed laser photolysis vacuum UV laser-induced fluorescence kinetic study of the reactions of Cl(2P3/2) atoms with ethyl formate, n-propyl formate, and n-butyl formate

Electronic quenching of O(1D) by collisions with O2: A theoretical study in a collinear case

Reaction kinetics of O(1D) with CF3CN

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Chlorine Atoms with n-Pentanal