Showing papers by "Cardiff University published in 1977"
TL;DR: The environmental and microbiological factors that can influence heavy metal toxicity are discussed with a view to understanding the mechanisms of microbial metal tolerance.
Abstract: The environmental and microbiological factors that can influence heavy metal toxicity are discussed with a view to understanding the mechanisms of microbial metal tolerance. It is apparent that metal toxicity can be heavily influenced by environmental conditions. Binding of metals to organic materials, precipitation, complexation, and ionic interactions are all important phenomena that must be considered carefully in laboratory and field studies. It is also obvious that microbes possess a range of tolerance mechanisms, most featuring some kind of detoxification. Many of these detoxification mechanisms occur widely in the microbial world and are not only specific to microbes growing in metal-contaminated environments.
710 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented for the existence of an intracellular pool of low molecular weight iron compounds which acts as an intermediate between extracellular iron and a wide variety of intrace cellular processes.
349 citations
TL;DR: There was a distinct improvement in the results of treating advanced laryngeal carcinoma, where there was a high survival rate, without resort to larynGEctomy, suggesting a genuine therapeutic advantage.
338 citations
TL;DR: These studies suggest that the incidence of different histological types of thyroid malignancy is influenced by different etiological factors, and provide support for the subdivision of thyroidmalignancy into these different types, and for the general importance of accurate histological typing in cancer epidemiology.
Abstract: A comparison of the incidence of the different histological types of thyroid carcinoma in an area of high dietary iodide and an area of normal iodide intake has been made. The areas chosen were Iceland and the region of Northeast Scotland centred on Aberdeen; both areas have clearly defined populations served by a single pathology laboratory. All definite and dubious thyroid carcinomas from both regions were examined and classified by the same two pathologists. The age-specific incidence rates for papillary carcinoma in surgical specimens in both areas rose with age; they were five times higher in Iceland (high iodide area) than in Northeast Scotland. The numbers of follicular carcinomas were small, and this tumor was relatively less frequent in Iceland than Aberdeen. These findings, together with the known high relative frequency of follicular carcinoma and low frequency of papillary carcinoma in areas of endemic goitre, lead to the suggestion that the incidence of papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma are separately influenced by dietary iodide, papillary carcinoma being high in areas of high iodide intake and low in areas with low dietary iodide. No evidence to implicate lymphocytic thyroiditis, radiation or genetic factors in the genesis of thyroid carcinoma in Iceland or Northeast Scotland was found in this study. Undifferentiated carcinoma was about three times as common in Iceland as in Northeast Scotland. Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid was suprisingly common in Northeast Scotland, possibly related to the high frequency of thyroiditis found in this region. These studies suggest that the incidence of different histological types of thyroid malignancy is influenced by different etiological factors. They also provide support for the subdivision of thyroid malignancy into these different types, and for the general importance of accurate histological typing in cancer epidemiology.
233 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of a prospective controlled trial of the effect of hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant in radiotherapy of head and neck cancer.
207 citations
TL;DR: The Noether operator as mentioned in this paper is a generalization of the canonical stress energy tensor, and it has been shown to be an extremum-energy maximization operator for field theories.
188 citations
TL;DR: Nuclei from cerebral cortex neurons, which have a short repeat, are distinct from the others in being larger, in having a higher proportion of euchromatin (dispersed chromatin) as judged by microscopy and in being more active in RNA synthesis in vitro.
180 citations
166 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977TL;DR: The concentration in modern industry always becomes the most wanted book as discussed by the authors and many people are absolutely searching for this book and it means that many love to read this kind of book and will have more knowledge and experiences.
Abstract: If you really want to be smarter, reading can be one of the lots ways to evoke and realize. Many people who like reading will have more knowledge and experiences. Reading can be a way to gain information from economics, politics, science, fiction, literature, religion, and many others. As one of the part of book categories, concentration in modern industry always becomes the most wanted book. Many people are absolutely searching for this book. It means that many love to read this kind of book.
163 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the right hemisphere acts as the dominant trigger to unpleasant emotional experience and that probably a division of labour for the production of different types of emotion exists between the two hemispheres.
141 citations
TL;DR: The nasal resistance to airflow determined in four subjects for periods of up to 7 hr is believed to be caused by changes in arterial pCO2 and mediated by the autonomic innervation of the nasal vasculature.
Abstract: The nasal resistance to airflow was determined in four subjects for periods of up to 7 hr. Cyclic changes in the resistance of each nasal passage were demonstrated in 13 of 24 experiments. After exercise on the cycle ergometer the total nasal resistance decreased and this change in nasal resistance was found to be directly related to the work rate. After oral rebreathing, the total nasal resistance decreased, and after hyperventilation the total nasal resistance increased. These changes in resistance are believed to be caused by changes in arterial pCO2 and mediated by the autonomic innervation of the nasal vasculature.
TL;DR: The relationships currently used to describe the convective heat exchanges at the external surfaces of buildings are based on wind tunnel measurements undertaken over 40 years ago as discussed by the authors, and recent field measurements have disclosed inadequacies in the application of this early work.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the sequential characteristics of the daily insolation can be represented in simple numerical terms, derived from the autocorrelation functions of a straightforward stochastic model.
TL;DR: The data strongly suggest that development of the female reproductive system is dependent to some extent on chemical factors present in the male.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used an experimentally determined transmittance spectrum for cellulose and obtained close fits to astronomical spectra in these several bands and considered it reasonable to infer the detection of interstellar polysaccharides.
Abstract: OBSERVATIONS over the infrared waveband 2–30 µm available for a number of astronomical objects are shown here to be reconcilable with the transmittance properties of polysaccha-rides. Using an experimentally determined transmittance spectrum for cellulose we can readily relate astronomical data in the 2–4-µm, 8–13-µm and 15–30-µm wavebands and we obtain close fits to astronomical spectra in these several bands. From this detailed spectral agreement we consider it reasonable to infer the detection of interstellar polysaccharides. The identification of this highly complex macromolecule, presumably formed by an abiogenic processing of interstellar formaldehyde, could have a profound bearing on interstellar chemistry including the evolution of prebiotic molecules.
TL;DR: The case is reported of a patient in whom the middle sagittal third of the corpus callosum had been removed for the treatment of an underlying angioma, who developed an aphasia after operation characterized by a simplification of language, the inavailability of complex ideas and emotional communication.
Abstract: The case is reported of a patient in whom the middle sagittal third of the corpus callosum had been removed for the treatment of an underlying angioma. The special advantages of the case are that the patient is a young, relatively healthy person of normal IQ. The angioma had not interfered with interhemispheric transmission and the patient was described as neurologically normal before operation. After operation left-side neglect and extensive somatic disconnection were seen. A change in the balance between the hemispheres for handedness and ear superiority in dichotic listening was observed. The patient developed an aphasia after operation characterized by a simplification of language, the inavailability of complex ideas and emotional communication. He showed a disorder of memory--'autopragmatic amnesia'--in whice. The patient showed disorders of visuo-spatial transfer. These symptoms are thought to typify a syndrome of the centre trunk region of the corpus callosum, to follow as a direct function of the operation performed upon the callosum, and to illustrate the function of this region of the brain.
TL;DR: Two in vivo techniques which are rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible, and capable of detecting small degrees of dermal atrophy after the application of topical corticosteroid preparations for only one month have been investigated.
TL;DR: Tubiform fossils from the British Lower Limestone Shales and Border Group (Lower Carboniferous) are re-examined in this article, showing that they resemble archaeogastropods in internal morphology of the skeleton but show parallels in external form and occurrence with the extant Vermetidae.
Abstract: Tubiform fossils conventionally referred to Serpula cf. advena Salter and species of Spirorbis Lamarck from the British Lower Limestone Shales and Border Group (Lower Carboniferous) are re-examined. They occur in peritidal carbonate environments of schizohaline aspect. These fossils superficially resemble calcareous polychaete tubes but have skeletal characters, including molluscan wall structure, numerous internal septa, and protoconch, which indicate that they represent a new group of substrate-attached, disjunctly coiled gastropods. They resemble archaeogastropods in internal morphology of the skeleton but show parallels in external form and occurrence with the extant Vermetidae. There are two principal modes of occurrence: (1) erect tubes forming intertidal biostromes associated with non-skeletal algal laminites, and (2) prostrate discoidal tubes encrusting subtidal skeletal stromatolites or occasionally forming larger irregular bioherms. These biostromes and bioherms are comparable in structure to Recent vermetid reef developments.
TL;DR: The small blood vessels showed a striking abnormality in 7 patients and 2 control biopsies in that the endothelial cells were enlarged and the nuclei were hyperchromatic and irregular in size and shape, which may be due more to stasis than to chronic heating.
Abstract: Biopsies from 20 patients with erythema ab igne (EAI) were examined and compared with biopsies from the legs of 7 elderly control subjects Epidermal thinning and flattening of the dermo-epidermal junction were seen in most of the tissues examined but were more prominent in the EAI biopsies Basal cell degenerative change with vacuolation was frequently observed in the EAI specimens Epidermal atypia amounting to preneoplastic change was observed in 4 EAI biopsies The dermis was thinned and showed (a) marked oedema and connective tissue disruption and (b) accumulation of elastic staining material Both haemosiderin and melanin were found within the dermis The small blood vessels showed a striking abnormality in 7 patients and 2 control biopsies in that the endothelial cells were enlarged and the nuclei were hyperchromatic and irregular in size and shape This change may be due more to stasis than to chronic heating
TL;DR: An enzymeimmunoassay was established using progesterone covalently linked to the enzyme, horseradish peroxidase, as the 'label' and showed excellent agreement of results in all cases.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived the effective dielectric function of a composite medium consisting of small spherical inclusions embedded in a homogeneous matrix and showed that the validity of the theory does not depend on the matrix being nonabsorbing.
Abstract: The Maxwell-Garnet (MG) expression for the effective dielectric function of a composite medium consisting of small spherical inclusions embedded in a homogeneous matrix is derived. It is shown that the MG theory accounts for dipole-dipole interactions among the inclusions and that the validity of the theory does not depend on the matrix being non-absorbing. Moreover, by comparing the Mie theory with the MG theory it is shown that the MG dielectric function is correct at least to terms linear in the volume fraction of inclusions. For a sphere ‘carved out’ of such a medium we then have a prescription for calculating cross sections and scattering phase functions. The scattering properties of a small heterogeneous sphere described by the MG dielectric function are identical to those of a small layered sphere with the same outer radius and volumes of the two constituents. In the small particle (Rayleigh) limit we discuss two illustrative examples: (a) a porous sphere, (b) spherical inclusions in a ‘waxy’ dielectric matrix. In both cases we obtain the conditions for resonance absorption. Finally, we apply these results to evaluate the role of porosity in individual graphite grains, and of a waxy matrix containing small spherical graphite inclusion, on the graphite particle resonance absorption at 2200 A. Increasing porosity and increasing the volume fraction of matrix material have similar effects in shifting the resonance to longer wavelengths.
TL;DR: It is discussed that dopamine may not merely be a precursor for noradrenaline in the rat spinal cord, and electrophoretic application of α‐flupenthixol was shown to discriminate between dopamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine responses.
Abstract: 1. The effect of electrophoretically applied dopamine upon motoneurone excitability has been investigated. Field potentials originating from antidromically activated motoneurones were recorded from the ventral horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. 2. Field potentials showed an increase in amplitude following electrophoretic application of dopamine. Dopamine was shown to be less potent than noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in producing these changes. 3. Measurement of the transport number of dopamine suggest that the relatively low potency of dopamine cannot be attributed to differences in ionic mobilities between the amines. 4. Electrophoretic application of alpha-flupenthixol was shown to discriminate between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine responses. Dopamine responses were profoundly reduced. 5. Electrophoretically applied alpha-flupenthixol also discriminated between dopamine and noradrenaline. Noradrenaline responses were consistently potentiated by alpha-flupenthixol. The possibility is discussed that dopamine may not merely be a precursor for noradrenaline in the rat spinal cord.
TL;DR: Prolactin concentration has been estimated by homologous radioimmunoassay in morning serum samples taken daily throughout the menstrual cycle of normal women and women with benign breast disease, and a significant positive correlation was present between age and prolactin in cystic disease, but not in the fibroadenosis or normal groups of women.
TL;DR: An ultrastructural examination of paired male and female worms revealed that, although some females had become inseminated, the presence of sperm in the oviduct was not an essential prerequisite for the initiation of maturation of the vitelline cell.
TL;DR: In this article, the core of a mini-computer is used to calculate the eigenvalues of large rigidly jointed plane frames with certainty, eigen values being natural frequencies and critical load factors in free vibration and buckling problems, respectively.
Abstract: Existing theory is assembled to give a method which needs only the core of a mini-computer to calculate the eigenvalues of large rigidly jointed plane frames with certainty, the eigenvalues being natural frequencies and critical load factors in free vibration and buckling problems, respectively. The method is illustrated by annotated listings of vibration and buckling programs, each involving under two hundred Fortran statements and with low number storage requirements (see Table I). The use of the programs as ‘black boxes’ is fully explained, with illustrative examples.
The member theory used is the ‘exact’ classical Bernoulli-Euler uniform member theory. Possible applications include: evaluation of answers from approximate methods; calculation of critical loads for substitution in the modified Merchant-Rankine formula to estimate collapse loads of frames; and calculation of shifts in natural frequencies caused by structural damage, in connection with structural integrity monitoring of inaccessible structures.
TL;DR: The microsomal preparations differed from soluble fractions from germinating pea in synthesizing very-long-chain fatty acids, not utilizing exogenous palmitic acid-acyl-carrier protein as a substrate for palmitate elongation and having fatty acid synthesis stimulated by the addition of certain complex lipids.
Abstract: 1. Fatty acid synthesis was studied in microsomal preparations from germinating pea (Pisum sativum). 2. The preparations synthesized a mixture of saturated fatty acids up to a chain length of C24 from [14C]malonyl-CoA. 3. Whereas hexadecanoic acid was made de novo, octadecanoic acid and icosanoic acid were synthesized by elongation. 4. The products formed during [14C]malonyl-CoA incubation were analysed, and unesterified fatty acids and polar lipids were found to be major products. [14C]Palmitic acid represented a high percentage of the acyl-carrier protein esters, whereas 14C-labelled very-long-chain fatty acids were mainly present as unesterified fatty acids. CoA esters were minor products. 5. The addition of exogenous lipids to the incubation system usually resulted in stimulation of [14C]malonyl-CoA incorporation into fatty acids. The greatest stimulation was obtained with dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Both exogenous palmitic acid and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine increased the amount of [14C]-stearic acid synthesized, relative to [14C]palmitic acid. Addition of stearic acid increased the amount of [14C]icosanoic acid formed. 6. [14C]Stearic acid was elongated more effectively to icosanoic acid than [14C]stearoyl-CoA, and its conversion was not decreased by addition of unlabelled stearoyl-CoA. 7. Incorporation of [14C]malonyl-CoA into fatty acids was markedly decreased by iodoacetamide and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). Palmitate elongation was sensitive to arsenite addition, and stearate elongation to the presence of Triton X-100 or fluoride. The action of fluoride was not, apparently, due to chelation. 8. The microsomal preparations differed from soluble fractions from germinating pea in (a) synthesizing very-long-chain fatty acids, (b) not utilizing exogenous palmitate–acyl-carrier protein as a substrate for palmitate elongation and (c) having fatty acid synthesis stimulated by the addition of certain complex lipids.
01 Jan 1977