Showing papers by "Kun Shan University published in 2019"

Improvement of the performance in Cr-doped ZnO memory devices via control of oxygen defects

Abstract: The defect-enhanced resistive switching behavior of Cr-doped ZnO films was investigated in this study, and evidence that the switching effect can be attributed to defects was found. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy demonstrated the existence of oxygen vacancies in the ZnO-based films, and the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the Cr-doped ZnO film was larger than that in the undoped ZnO film, which can be attributed to Cr doping. We concluded that the defects in Cr-doped ZnO were due to the Cr dopant, leading to excellent performance of Cr-doped ZnO films. In particular, depth-profiling analysis of the X-ray photoelectron spectra demonstrated that the resistive switching effects corresponded to variations in the concentration of the defects. The results confirmed that oxygen vacancies are crucial for the entire class of resistive switching effects in Cr-doped ZnO films. In particular, the Cr-doped ZnO films not only show bipolar resistive switching behavior but also excellent reliability and stability, which should be beneficial for next-generation memory device applications.

Mitochondrial ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome in acute ozone-induced murine model of airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness

Abstract: Oxidative stress is a key mechanism underlying ozone-induced lung injury. Mitochondria can release mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (mtROS), which may lead to the activation of NLRP...

Neural-like encoding particle swarm optimization for periodic vehicle routing problems

Abstract: The periodic vehicle routing problem (PVRP) is an important problem in the logistics field and involves finding the solutions to two sub-problems, namely (1) determining the optimal customer service mode; and (2) establishing the optimal vehicle routing schedule in accordance with the pre-determined customer service mode. However, existing solutions for the PVRP consider only the vehicle routing problem. In other words, they simply assume that the optimal customer service mode is known in advance. Accordingly, the present study proposes a dual particle swarm optimization (PSO) framework for solving both sub-problems simultaneously. In particular, a discrete PSO (DPSO) algorithm is applied on the first level, in the outer layer, to establish the optimal service mode for each customer, and a neural-like DPSO (NDPSO) is then applied in the inner layer to determine (1) the optimal assignment of the depot vehicles to the customers which are to be serviced each day based on the customer service mode established in the outer layer (i.e., the “customer-vehicle correspondence” problem), and (2) the sequence of customer visits to be paid by each vehicle each day (i.e., the “optimal vehicle routing” problem). For both PSOs, a sweep heuristic is applied to generate diverse initial solutions for the particle search process. In addition, an alternative depot savings algorithm is proposed to avoid the route crossing phenomenon inherent in conventional vehicle routing algorithms. The performance of the inner layer NDPSO is evaluated by comparing the solutions for six common PVRPs with the best known solutions (BKS) presented in the literature given a prior knowledge of the optimal customer service mode in every case. The performance of the NDPSO is further investigated with and without the alternative depot savings algorithm and with and without the use of a local search mechanism to enhance the quality of the PSO solutions, respectively. Finally, the feasibility of the full DPSO and NDPSO framework is confirmed by comparing the PVRP solutions with the BKS reported in previous studies. In general, the results confirm the validity of the proposed dual-PSO framework as a tool for finding optimal solutions to both the customer service mode problem and the optimal vehicle routing problem in typical PVRPs.

Fine Particulate Matter-induced Toxic Effects in an Animal Model of Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract: Research has been focused on the health hazards of ambient PM2.5 related to humans. Many PM2.5 toxicity assessments using in vitro studies have focused on PM2.5-bounded hazardous pollutants. However, PM2.5 toxicity assessment by in vivo studies allow for better observation of the overall effects of PM2.5 exposure on entire organisms, making in vivo PM2.5 toxicity assessment relevant. The toxic effects of outdoor PM2.5, collected from National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (NPUST) and Linluo Junior High School (LJHS), Pingtung, Taiwan, on nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) were investigated. PM2.5 from NPUST and LJHS were found to be 4.5 and 2.5 μg Nm–3, respectively, which did not meet the standard. This levels of PM2.5 in Taiwan. For acute toxicity, no significant PM2.5 lethality on C. elegans was observed between NPUST and LJHS. PM2.5 from NPUST exhibited greater toxicity to lifespan (ageing), locomotion (head thrash), and reproduction (brood size) in the C. elegans animal models than that from LJHS; therefore, adverse effects could be correlated with PM2.5 concentrations. Prolonged exposure to PM2.5 led to more severe toxicity in nematodes as compared to acute exposure. In conclusion, this study suggests that the long-term adverse effects of ambient PM2.5 on environmental organisms should be carefully considered even when PM2.5 is at low levels. C. elegans is a sensitive animal model for the evaluation of PM2.5 ecotoxicity.

A broadban-tunable photonic bandgap and thermally convertible laser with an ultra-low lasing threshold from a refilled chiral polymer template

Abstract: This study demonstrates a broadband-tunable photonic bandgap (PBG) and thermally convertible laser with an ultra-low lasing threshold based on a gradient-pitched cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) polymer template. The lowest energy threshold of the laser is 16 nJ per pulse under a pumped diameter of ca. 250 μm (i.e., 0.33 μJ per pulse per mm2), a value that is superior to those of other band-edge lasers based on most dye/quantum-dot-doped CLC systems. Owing to its multiple advantages, such as high stability, ultra-low lasing threshold, wide-band and linear spatial PBG-tunability, and lasing-mode convertibility, the CLC template device can be potentially used for photonics and display applications.

Sintering Behaviors, Microstructure, and Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaTiO3-LaAlO3 Ceramics Using CuO/B2O3 Additions.

Abstract: The effect of CuO/B2O3 additions on the sintering behaviors, microstructures, and microwave dielectric properties of 0.95LaAlO3-0.05CaTiO3 ceramics is investigated. It is found that the sintering temperatures are lowered efficiently from 1600 °C to 1350 °C, as 1 wt % CuO, 1 wt % B2O3, and 0.5 wt % CuO +0.5 wt % B2O3 are used as the sintering aids due to the appearance of the liquid phase sintering. The microwave dielectric properties of 0.95LaAlO3-0.05CaTiO3 ceramics with the sintering aid additions are strongly related to the densification and the microstructure of the sintered ceramics. At the sintering temperature of 1300 °C, the 0.95LaAlO3-0.05CaTiO3 ceramic with 0.5 wt % CuO + 0.5 wt % B2O3 addition shows the best dielectric properties, including a dielectric constant (er) of 21, approximate quality factor (Q × f) of 22,500 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (τf) of -3 ppm/°C.

Application of Graphene Oxide Aerogel to the Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emitted from the Diesel Vehicular Exhaust

Abstract: For reducing the carcinogenic BaP and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the moving and stationary pollution source in the atmosphere, this study demonstrated useful adsorbent of graphene oxide aerogel (GOA). The application of GOA to the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from diesel vehicular exhaust via the dynamometer was investigated. The surface morphology and microstructure of GOA were characterized by SEM, TEM, elemental analysis, Raman, and TGA. According to the result of XRD, the grain size of GOA after 5 hours of oxidation time increased to 28.0 nm with 38 layers estimated. It demonstrated that more oxidation time greatly enhanced the crystalline structure and reformation between the GOA sheets. The GOA sheets possessed the molecular sieving property for the filtration and adsorption of carcinogenic PAH molecules due to the strong hydrogen bonding interaction along the edges and the Van der Waal's force interactions. Naphthalene, acenaphthene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, were chosen to carry out the pre-test adsorption experiments. Especially, the BaP compound was known to be carcinogens and mutagens for humans because of their carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. From the result of pre-test adsorption of PAHs, the BAP adsorption capacity of the GOA adsorbent (310 ng BaP / 1 g GOA) in 1 hour was much better than that of XAD16 resin (0.060 ng / 1 g XAD16), which is the standard adsorbents of PAHs announced by the Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan. Furthermore, the sample collection of PAHs emitted from the diesel exhaust was performed by using the vehicle dynamometer. At the idling speed, the best adsorption capacity of total PAHs per gram GOA was 12.1 μg g−1, and better than that of XAD16 (1.03 μg g−1). Moreover, the adsorption sleeve and adsorbent of GOA material could be recycled and reused repeatedly. The structure of the GOA adsorbent has maintained after three runs of the Soxhlet extraction and drying. Nevertheless, the structure of XAD16 resin is decomposed obviously and decreased after the Soxhlet extraction. Owing to the superior adsorption capacity of PAHs and low synthesis cost, the GOA material is possible to be one of the excellent environmental and air pollution adsorbent material in the future.

Optimal decomposition and reconstruction of discrete wavelet transformation for short-term load forecasting

Abstract: To achieve high accuracy in prediction, a load forecasting algorithm must model various consumer behaviors in response to weather conditions or special events. Different triggers will have various effects on different customers and lead to difficulties in constructing an adequate prediction model due to non-stationary and uncertain characteristics in load variations. This paper proposes an open-ended model of short-term load forecasting (STLF) which has general prediction ability to capture the non-linear relationship between the load demand and the exogenous inputs. The prediction method uses the whale optimization algorithm, discrete wavelet transform, and multiple linear regression model (WOA-DWT-MLR model) to predict both system load and aggregated load of power consumers. WOA is used to optimize the best combination of detail and approximation signals from DWT to construct an optimal MLR model. The proposed model is validated with both the system-side data set and the end-user data set for Independent System Operator-New England (ISO-NE) and smart meter load data, respectively, based on Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) criterion. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves lower prediction error than existing methods and can have consistent prediction of non-stationary load conditions that exist in both test systems. The proposed method is, thus, beneficial to use in the energy management system.

A Big Data Analysis of PM2.5 and PM10 from Low Cost Air Quality Sensors near Traffic Areas

Abstract: Particulate matter (PM) pollution (including PM2.5 and PM10), which is reportedly caused primarily by industrial and vehicular emissions, has become a major global health concern. In this study, we aimed to reveal spatiotemporal characteristics and diurnal patterns of PM2.5 and PM10 data obtained from 50 air quality sensors situated in public bike sites in Kaohsiung City on June and November 2018 using principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that PM concentrations in the study were above the standard World Health Organization criteria and were found to be associated, although complicated, with relative humidity. Specifically, the relationship between PM concentrations and relative humidity suggest a clear association at lower PM concentrations. Temporal analysis revealed that PM2.5 and PM10 occurred at higher concentrations in winter than in summer, which could be explained by the long-range transport of pollutants brought about by the northeast monsoon during the winter season. Both PM fractions displayed similar spatial distribution, wherein PM2.5 and PM10 were found to be concentrated in the heavily industrialized areas of the city, such as near petrochemical factories in Nanzih and Zuoying districts in north Kaohsiung and near the shipbuilding and steel manufacturing factories in Xiaogang district in south Kaohsiung. A pronounced diurnal variation was found for PM2.5, which generally displayed higher peaks during the daytime than in the nighttime. Peaks generally occurred at 7:00–9:00 a.m., noontime, and 5:00–7:00 p.m., while minima generally appeared at nighttime. The diurnal pattern of PM was greatly influenced by a greater number of industrial and human transportation activities during the day than at night. Overall, a number of factors such as relative humidity and type of season, transboundary pollution from neighboring countries, and human activities, such as industrial operations and vehicle use, affects the PM quality in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.

Determining porosity effect on the thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene using a molecular dynamics simulation

Abstract: We investigated the effect of porosity on the thermal conductivity of armchair and zigzag nanoporous graphene (NPG) by using a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics approach. The thermal conductivity values of the NPG were calculated for porosities of P = 0%, 3.6%, 6.6%, 14.7%, and 24.7% at different temperatures. The simulation revealed that the thermal conductivity of armchair graphene with P = 0% is larger than that of zigzag graphene at 100 K. However, the trend is reversed for the other cases of graphene with pores. In addition, a steep decrease in the thermal conductivity of both types of NPG with a lower porosity is evident at 300 K. Thermal conductivity decreases slowly for a higher porosity. The results are important for understanding nanopore scattering in two-dimensional systems and for practical applications of NPGs in thermal management.

Emission of Carbonyl Compounds from Cooking Oil Fumes in the Night Market Areas

Abstract: Cooking oil fumes (CF) coming from night market stalls exhaust contain substantial amounts of air pollutants such as carbonyl compounds that may contribute to outdoor air pollution and may have adverse health effects on the Taiwanese population. Carbonyl emission characteristics depend on several factors, which include but are not limited to, the cooking style and food material being used. The current study evaluated carbonyl compound emissions from two scenarios: a standard kitchen cooking classroom with a stack gas tunnel and night market food stalls. The different cooking styles and food types cooked using a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove, such as grilled chicken with (GCS) and without sauce (GC), mixed barbecue with sauce (MBS), grilled vegetables with sauce (GVS), stir-fried oyster omelet (OM), fried Taiwanese chicken nuggets (FN) in the kitchen cooking classroom, and grilled chicken with (GCS) and without sauce (GC), stir-fried oyster omelet (OM), grilled vegetables with sauce (GVS), and fried steak (FS) in the night market were evaluated for carbonyl carbon emissions. OM from the kitchen classroom and GCS from the night market showed the highest mean total carbonyl compound concentrations (1850 ± 682 ppb and 1840 ppb). Formaldehyde was found to be the most predominant carbonyl compound, with contribution percentages ranging from 70.9–99.58% of the total carbonyl emission factors in CFs. Grilled vegetables with sauce had the highest emission factor magnitude of 274 µg kg–1 wt. Factors such as the addition of sauce and grilling were also observed to increase carbonyl compound emissions. Corresponding health risks of carbonyl compounds in CFs for the night market vendors were also assessed. All values for cancer risk (R) were above the standard R value for workplace exposure, and HQ values were all greater than 1, suggesting a high risk for adverse health effects. Although our reported values were relatively high due to our sampling conditions, our study was first to be conducted in Taiwan and holds an important contribution to the global existing data of carbonyl compound emissions.

Impact of Oxygen Vacancy on the Photo-Electrical Properties of In2O3-Based Thin-Film Transistor by Doping Ga

Abstract: In this study, amorphous indium gallium oxide thin-film transistors (IGO TFTs) were fabricated by co-sputtering. Three samples with different deposition powers of the In₂O₃ target, namely, sample A with 50 W deposition power, sample B with 60 W deposition power, and sample C with 70 W deposition power, were investigated. The device performance revealed that oxygen vacancies are strongly dependent on indium content. However, when the deposition power of the In₂O₃ target increased, the number of oxygen vacancies, which act as charge carriers to improve the device performance, increased. The best performance was recorded at a threshold voltage of 1.1 V, on-off current ratio of 4.5 × 10⁶, and subthreshold swing of 3.82 V/dec in sample B. Meanwhile, the optical properties of sample B included a responsivity of 0.16 A/W and excellent ultraviolet-to-visible rejection ratio of 8 × 10⁴. IGO TFTs may act as photodetectors according to the results obtained for optical properties.

Amorphous MgInO Ultraviolet Solar-Blind Photodetectors

Abstract: The magnesium oxide is one of the promising candidate's materials that can act as solar blind photodetectors. However, the intrinsically low thermal conductivity of MgO, which is restrict the application in electric device. The magnesium oxide exhibits the poor conductivity which could improved by doing method. This paper fabricated magnesium indium oxide (MgInO) solar-blind photodetectors by doping indium oxide with magnesium oxide through co-sputtering deposition method. The photodetector comprises a bottom glass substrate, an MgInO thin film, and an interdigitated gold electrode to complete the metal-semiconductor-metal structure of the solar-blind photodetector. The experimental results indicate that the photo-to-dark-current ratio is 1.4 × 10 4 , and the responsivity is 1.47 A/W when a reverse bias voltage of 2 V is applied. Furthermore, the noise equivalent power and detectivity are 7.77×10 -11 W and 1.75×10 11 cm H 0.5 W -1 with a 2 V bias voltage, respectively.

Rapid site assessment in a small island of the Philippines contaminated with mine tailings using ground and areal technique: The environmental quality after twenty years

Abstract: This paper illustrates the impacts of mining disaster after more than 20 years. A two – day rapid assessment was carried out at Mogpog and Boac River catchment in Marinduque Island in March 2019. The target site included Maguilaguila Pit that connects the river catchment and formerly used as mining wastes pit. This is to understand the impacts of 1993 and 1996 mining disasters in the Boac-Mogpog river basin at Marinduque, Philippines. The island of Marinduque has been considered as among the top ten most vulnerable islands in the country due to its environmental condition and geographical location which affected the island demography. The island has suffered the impacts of one of the country's biggest mining disasters. The instruments used to conduct rapid site assessment were SciAps X-300 Handheld X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) Model DJI Mavic Air, Google Earth, Hannah Multiparameter HI 9811-5 with HI 1285-5 probe and HI 70007, 70031, 70032 and 700661 solutions. The DJI Mavic Air captured images of Mogpog and Boac River catchment which helped direct the research team to take the right sampling locations. The DJI Mavic Air captured site images of the two rivers as dead rivers and use as land transportation route during dry season. The Google Earth captured the historical images of the target areas. The recorded data showed that the pit and nearby river water is acidic with pH equivalent to 2.9 and 4.1, respectively. The range of concentration of total dissolved solids in Mogpog and Boac river water was 100–1360 and 160–1150 ppm, respectively. The recorded concentration of iron near the pit was 125,587 ppm, and chromium concentration range was 80–99 ppm. The concentration of copper and manganese in the sediments was 5 and 158 times higher (respectively) than the 1998 detected concentrations. Based on the recorded data and images, the Maguilaguila pit, Boac and Mogpog River catchment need immediate attention. It could be concluded that based on the recent assessment results, leaks at the pit are likely. Also, the combination of areal-aerial and ground technique produced two – day rapid site assessment for areas contaminated by mine tailings. The information could aid in preparing prompt action and setting strategies that are helpful in carrying out risk reduction programs in the island.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Anti-Glare Spray Coating by Pressure-Feed Type Automatic Air Spray Gun Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract: The process of preparing anti-glare thin films by spray-coating silica sol-gel to soda-lime glass was exclusively and statistically studied in this paper. The effects of sol-gel deliver pressure, air transport pressure, and spray gun displacement speed on the gloss, haze, arithmetic mean surface roughness, and total transmittance light were analyzed. The experimental results indicate that the factors of sol-gel deliver pressure, air transport pressure, and displacement speed exhibit a significant effect on the haze, gloss, and Ra. In contrast, the variation of total transmittance light with these three factors are insignificant. Because the anti-glare property is predominantly determined by low gloss and high haze, we therefore aim to minimize gloss and maximize haze to achieve high anti-glare. Central composite design and response surface methodology are employed to analyze the main and interaction effects of the three factors through quadratic polynomial equations, which are confirmed by the analysis of variance and R2. The response surface methodology predict the lowest gloss and highest haze are 9.2 GU and 57.0%, corresponding to the sol-gel deliver pressure, air-transport pressure, and displacement speed of 250 kPa, 560 kPa, and 140 mm/s, and 340 kPa, 620 kPa, and 20 mm/s, respectively. Comparing the predicted optimal data with the real experimental results validates the applicability of the mathematical model. This study provides an important basis for the subsequent production of anti-glare glass with different specifications to satisfy the market demand.

High Step-Up Interleaved Converter With Three-Winding Coupled Inductors and Voltage Multiplier Cells

Abstract: In this paper, a novel interleaved high step-up DC-DC converter with three-winding coupled inductors and voltage multiplier cells is proposed for renewable energy systems. The voltage-lift and voltage-stack methods are used to extend the voltage conversion ratio. The converter achieves high voltage gain without operating at extreme duty ratio. The voltage stress on the power switches is greatly lower than the output voltage. As a result, the low-voltage-rated MOSFETs with low conducting resistances can be employed to reduce the conduction losses. The diodes reverse-recovery problem can be alleviated by the leakage inductances of the coupled inductors. The input current ripple is reduced by the interleaved operation. The leakage energy of the coupled inductors is recycled such that the switch turn-off voltage spikes are avoided. The operating principles and performance analysis of the proposed converter are presented in detail. Finally, a 1000 W experimental prototype with 28 V input and 380 V output is built and tested. The experimental result are provided to validate the theoretical analysis and effectiveness of the proposed converter.

Effect of Oxygen Concentration Ratio on a Ga 2 O 3 -Based Resistive Random Access Memory

Abstract: In this study, we have successfully prepared gallium oxide resistive random access memory by RF magnetron sputtering. The various Ar/O 2 gas flow was carefully controlled by different oxygen concentration to obtain proper Ga 2 O 3 film. It was demonstrated that the performance of the devices was improved by optimizing oxygen vacancy through deposition condition. Consequently, the sample with 25% of oxygen concentration exhibited the outstanding electrical properties with maximum cycles of 220, an I on /I off ratio of 5 × 10 4 , retention time of 10 4 s, high resistance state /low resistance state ratio of 7 × 10 5 under 0.1V read voltage.

Water-In-Oil Emulsion as Boiler Fuel for Reduced NOx Emissions and Improved Energy Saving

Abstract: An experimental system for observing the drop vaporization and microexplosion characteristics of emulsified droplets in high-temperature environments was conducted to analyze the effects of environmental temperature, droplet size, and water content on droplet behavior. In addition, emulsified low-sulfur heavy fuel oil (HFO) with a 20 vol% water content and pure low-sulfur HFO were used as fuels for burning in an industrial boiler under normal operating conditions. The results showed that by using an emulsified HFO with a 20 vol% water content, the boiler efficiency can be improved by 2%, and that a reduction of 35 ppm in NOx emissions (corresponding to a NOx reduction rate of 18%) can be achieved. These advantages are due to the occurrence of a microexplosion during the combustion of the emulsified droplets. It was observed that when emulsified HFO with a 20 vol% water content was used, the fuel (HFO) consumption rate was 252 l/h. On the other hand, the fuel consumption rate was 271 l/h when pure low-sulfur HFO was used. Therefore, a reduction of 19 l/h in the fuel (HFO) consumption rate was achieved when using the water-in-oil emulsion, corresponding to fuel savings of 7%.

Effects of size dependency and axial deformation on the dynamic behavior of an AFM subjected to van der Waals force based on the modified couple stress theory

Abstract: The mathematical model of AFM probe subjected to the van der Waals force based on the modified couple stress theory is presented. The effects of size dependency and the additional axial force due to due to the mid-plane stretching are considered. The system is nonlinear because of the interacting force between the tip and sample and the axial stretching. The semi-analytical solution of the system is derived. For investigating the coupled effects of the size dependency, axial stretching and interacting force on the frequency shift, two other systems are also formulated and investigated: (1) the system without the effect of the axial stretching (2) the system without the van der Waals force. The effects of several parameters on the frequency shift and the sensitivity of AFM measuring a sample's topography are investigated.

Infants’ Neurodevelopmental Effects of PM2.5 and Persistent Organohalogen Pollutants Exposure in Southern Taiwan

Abstract: Several studies have stated the harmful effects of PM2.5 to population health, including disruption of neurological development. However, the mechanism behind the neurodevelopmental effects of ambient PM2.5 and postnatal PBDEs and OCPs exposure is still unknown. Our goal was to determine influence of breastmilk residues, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), to the infants’ neurodevelopment with respect to high and low PM2.5 exposure areas. The participants were recruited from high PM2.5 exposure areas (n = 32) and low PM2.5 exposure areas (n = 23) of southern Taiwan. The extracted 14 PBDEs and 20 OCPs compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. The infants, aging from 8-12 months, were examined by Bayley Scales of Infants and Toddlers Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) for neurodevelopment. Results showed that high PM2.5 exposure caused reduced head circumference and had significant effects on the motor skill and social emotional development. For breastmilk PBDEs, a positive correlation between BDE-196 and social emotion, after multivariate analysis with adjustment of confounders, was observed while BDE-99, 196, 197, and 207 showed higher magnitudes in low PM2.5 areas than in high PM2.5 areas. For OCPs, only γ- hexachlorcyclohexanes (γ-HCH) presented the significant difference between high and low PM2.5 exposure areas. Most breastmilk OCPs residues, including 4,4’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4’-DDT), γ-HCH, endrin, and heptachlor epoxide showed negative impact on the Bayley-III scores after multivariate analysis. In conclusion, infants’ neurodevelopment was significantly correlated with the location of PM2.5 exposure and breastmilk intake of certain PBDEs and OCPs. Breastmilk OCPs might obviously affect infants’ neurodevelopment more compared to breastmilk PBDEs based on our finding. Moreover, this study further employs awareness about viable effects of PM2.5 in infants’ neurodevelopment.