Showing papers by "Macquarie University published in 1978"
250 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the activation energies, kinetic orders, and relative activities have been determined for the oxidation of CO by O2 over five supported noble metals, including iridium, rhodium, and palladium.
222 citations
TL;DR: This is the first reported case in which tetrodotoxin has been found to occur in a venom, and a potent neurotoxin isolated from the posterior salivary glands of the blue-ringed octopus is identified.
Abstract: Maculotoxin, a potent neurotoxin isolated from the posterior salivary glands of the blue-ringed octopus. Hapalochlaena maculosa, has now been identified as tetrodotoxin. This is the first reported case in which tetrodotoxin has been found to occur in a venom.
195 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a series of dates on charcoal from the bed of the Macdonald River, New South Wales, Australia, casts doubt on these assumptions and indicates that serious errors can occur in relating the radiocarbon ages of charcoal samples to the fluvial deposits in which they lie.
Abstract: IN carbon dating of material included in fluviatile deposits, it is usually assumed that either there is little age difference between the dateable material and the fluvial deposit, or that the 14C sample and the deposit in which it is contained are sufficiently old for the age difference to be of little consequence We report here on how a series of dates on charcoal from the bed of the Macdonald River, New South Wales, Australia, casts doubt on these assumptions and indicates that serious errors can occur in relating the radiocarbon ages of charcoal samples to the fluvial deposits in which they lie
155 citations
152 citations
TL;DR: Most porphyroblast-matrix microstructural criteria used for inferring relative time relationships between metamorphism and deformation are equivocal as mentioned in this paper, and all reasonable alternative explanations should be considered, and as many criteria as possible should be applied to a particular microstructure before an interpretation is made.
Abstract: Most porphyroblast-matrix microstructural criteria used for inferring relative time relationships between metamorphism and deformation are equivocal. Therefore, all reasonable alternative explanations should be considered, and as many criteria as possible should be applied to a particular microstructure before an interpretation is made. Such microstructures should not be interpreted without adequate consideration of metamorphic implications, with emphasis on assemblages, rather than individual minerals.
101 citations
TL;DR: The 4,000km-long western Australian margin and adjacent ocean floor are probably unique among older (>100 m.y.) passive margins and adjacent oceans in having such a thin (4 ) are traceable in seismic-reflection profiles across the ocean-continent boundary, and in many places are a continuous surface as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The 4,000-km-long western Australian margin and adjacent ocean floor are probably unique among older (>100 m.y.) passive margins and adjacent oceans in having such a thin ( 4 ) are thus traceable in seismic-reflection profiles across the ocean-continent boundary, and in many places are a continuous surface. Drilling shows that the oldest oceanic crust adjacent to the margin is almost the same age as the oldest part of the continental break-up unconformity. Two types of margin are distinguished by the shape of R 4 : stepped , in which R 4 is offset at the ocean-continent boundary by a long transform fault, and smooth , including the transition from normal ocean floor through oceanic upgrowths, called epiliths, that developed after the start of sea-floor spreading. The marginal plateaus of the western margin originated variously as epiliths or from the post–break-up subsidence of regions that originally lay between rifted arches. After 100 to 150 m.y. of rifting along a multiple rift valley arch system analogous to that of modern East Africa, with concomitant deposition in inter-arch and extra-arch basins, the northwestern margin was initiated by plate divergence 160 m.y. ago (Late Jurassic time) and the southwestern margin 125 m.y. ago (Early Cretaceous time). After break-up, a diachronous clay was deposited on the newly generated sea floor and behind the subsiding continental rim or half-arch (the former rift valley shoulder) in what is called a rim basin. The rim subsided below sea level 30 to 45 m.y. after break-up, and thereafter sediments were dispersed seaward across the entire margin.
94 citations
TL;DR: Individuals who were willing to grant such rights to homosexuals as teaching in college, speaking in a local community, and removing a book from a local library written by a homosexual and favorable to homosexuality, tended to be well educated, young, Jewish or nonreligious, from urban areas, raised in the Northeast or Pacific states.
Abstract: The relationships between attitudes toward homosexuality and sociodemographic and attitudinal variables were explored, using the data from a nationwide opinion survey in the United States. Individuals who were willing to grant such rights to homosexuals as teaching in college, speaking in a local community, and removing a book from a local library written by a homosexual and favorable to homosexuality, tended to be well educated, young, Jewish or nonreligious, from urban areas, raised in the Northeast or Pacific states, and willing to provide freedom of expression to people with nonconformist political ideas. "Erotophobia," which was not related closely to the rights issue, was associated with moral judgments about homosexual acts.
83 citations
TL;DR: Fostering and cross-fostering procedures indicated that the effect was due to prenatal influences arising from the drug treatment of the ethanolfed mothers.
Abstract: Throughout gestation pregnant Wistar rats consumed a nutritious liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories. Control mothers were fed lab chow. Subsequently, the offspring of the ethanolfed mothers were found to be impaired on two-way avoidance conditioning when compared to control offspring, but did not differ from controls in their performance on the Hebb-Williams maze. Fostering and cross-fostering procedures indicated that the effect was due to prenatal influences arising from the drug treatment.
79 citations
TL;DR: There appears to be a close relationship between the synthesis of the major RNA species and their storage in the cytoplasm during follicle growth in the mouse.
Abstract: Transcription of the oocyte genome has been measured during follicle growth in the mouse. Ovaries were sectioned on a cryostat and assayed for endogenous DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. The presence of the enzyme was detected by autoradiography as incorporation of ‘HUMP into an acid insoluble product. Polymerases I and II were distinguished by their localization and sensitivity to 0-amanitin. The activities of these polymerases were relatively low in oocytes of the resting pool of small follicles. Radioactive incorporation increased as growth commenced, reaching a peak as the oocytes approached maximum size. Thereafter RNA polymerase activities declined rapidly and were very low in the oocytes of large, antral follicles. Similar changes were detected in the activity of a nucleoplasmic, a-amanitin-resistant enzyme, tentatively identified as form III polymerase. These data provide some insights into the way transcription is regulated during oocyte growth in a mammal. There appears to be a close relationship between the synthesis of the major RNA species and their storage in the cytoplasm.
75 citations
TL;DR: Lipoxygenase was used to induce release of sequestered glucose from vesicles made from linoleic acid, and the maximum rate of glucose efflux was proportional to the rate of peroxidation of the fatty acids in the vesicle membranes.
TL;DR: In this paper, an algorithm for a shortest route network problem is presented, in which it is desired to find the path which yields the shortest expected distance through the network, assuming that if a particular arc is chosen, then there is a finite probability that an adjacent arc will be traversed instead.
Abstract: This paper develops an algorithm for a “shortest route” network problem in which it is desired to find the path which yields the shortest expected distance through the network. It is assumed that if a particular arc is chosen, then there is a finite probability that an adjacent arc will be traversed instead. Backward induction is used and appropriate recursion formulae are developed. A numerical example is provided.
TL;DR: The regionally extensive dacite-andesite and rhyodacite porphyries within the mid-Paleozoic flyschlike fill of the Hill End Trough of New South Wales have characteristics consistent with their being lava flows: conformable, no crosscutting relationships; planar coherent, irregular autobrecciated and quenched margins; vesicular; internally coherent and not vitriclastic; internally uniformly porphyritic and not zoned; and observable topographic influence on the character of succeeding stratigraphic units as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Regionally extensive dacite-andesite and rhyodacite porphyries within the mid-Paleozoic flyschlike fill of the Hill End Trough of New South Wales have characteristics that are consistent with their being lava flows: conformable, no crosscutting relationships; planar coherent, irregular autobrecciated and quenched margins; vesicular; internally coherent and not vitriclastic; internally uniformly porphyritic and not zoned; and observable topographic influence on the character of succeeding stratigraphic units. The relatively deep marine environment that is inferred from the flyschlike nature of the enveloping stratigraphic succession may be responsible for the regionally extensive character of these lavas. Although subaerial equivalents are demonstrably viscous and immobile, subaqueously erupted and emplaced silicic lavas may behave fluidly and may be highly mobile because of the inability of volatiles to escape under conditions of high environmental (water) pressures.
TL;DR: P. novaehollandiae is associated with areas having a variety of heath plants, with vegetation cover below 50 cm and softer substrates; its abundance increases with increasing regeneration age and with the total amount of vegetation present.
Abstract: The regeneration of coastal heath after disturbance by mineral sand mining was studied on mid-seral stages from 4 to 11 years old at Hawks Nest, N.S.W. The main purpose was to gain some understanding of factors influencing recolonization by pioneer species of small mammals such as Pseudomys novaehollandiae. Changes in floristics and vegetation structure with time were studied as possible contributing factors together with environmental variables. An apparently linear relationship was found between plant species diversity (X1) and P. novaehollandiae biomass which was also correlated with an index representing the proportion of heath species present (X2). Both plant species diversity and P. novaehollandiae biomass showed a linear increase with regeneration age.
A multiple regression analysis revealed a predictive equation explaining 96% of the variation in P. novaehollandiae biomass (Y): Y=-7.92 + 1.21X1+3.92X2 - 3.09X3
The third variable (X3) is a measure of soil hardness. A path diagram using contribution coefficients based on a partial correlation analysis included the effects of vegetation structure below 50 cm and regeneration age.
On mid-seral stages after sand mining P. novaehollandiae is associated with areas having a variety of heath plants, with vegetation cover below 50 cm and softer substrates; its abundance increases with increasing regeneration age and with the total amount of vegetation present.
A minimum of 20 years is seen to be necessary for both total amount of vegetation and P. novaehollandiae biomass to reach values encountered on control plots of undisturbed heath.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is assumed that the granodiorite is a diapiric intrusion, and the geometry of model diapirs suggests that, although the graniorite probably formed by partial melting of the adjacent high-grade migmatitic rocks, this high grade envelope may have been dragged up to higher crustal levels by the intruding granitic diapirus.
Abstract: Data suggesting that the Cooma Granodiorite, New South Wales, Australia, originated by essentially in situ anatexis of adjacent metasedimentary rocks are in apparent conflict with the low-pressure metamorphic environment, unless unrealistically high and localized geothermal gradients (about 55 °C/km) are invoked. If it is assumed that the granodiorite is a diapiric intrusion, the geometry of model diapirs suggests that, although the granodiorite probably formed by partial melting of the adjacent high-grade migmatitic rocks, this high-grade envelope may have been dragged up to higher crustal levels by the intruding granitic diapir. If so, the metamorphic zones around the Cooma Granodiorite may be a greatly compressed section of the metamorphic grade changes between the depths of magma generation and magma emplacement.
TL;DR: Although an initial displacer of social engagement, television may ultimately foster increased interpersonal contact by serving as a focal point for shared activities as discussed by the authors, which is a positive effect of social media.
Abstract: Although an initial displacer of social engagement, television may ultimately foster increased interpersonal contact by serving as a focal point for shared activities.
TL;DR: In this article, an 18 geophysical transects were made in the Argo Abyssal Plain to study the magnetic anomalies, bathymetry and seismic structure of the area.
01 Apr 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that during the 1974 rainy season, gullies of the order of 150-300 m long were active on the flanks of fixed Pleistocene dunes in the vicinity of Janjari, central Niger.
Abstract: During the 1974 rainy season gullies of the order of 150–300 m long were active on the flanks of fixed Pleistocene dunes in the vicinity of Janjari, central Niger. The gullies terminate on small (0.5–1 × 104m2) alluvial fans, where sand deposition had occurred below the intersection point. Gully activity was probably the result of a particularly severe storm. Comparison between fixed dunes subject to differing climatic conditions suggests that gullying and alluvial fan formation may be characteristic of a restricted morphoclimatic zone.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the time-transgressive depositional and deformational facies of the Timor Trough foredeep resemble those of deep-sea trenches, so that foredeeps and trenches cannot be discriminated by the surface processes that operate in them.
TL;DR: In this paper, the usefulness of the rule model is tested with respect to a representative Eastern (Indonesian) culture and a representative Western (Australian) culture within the Jakarta and Sydney areas.
Abstract: It is suggested that any two cultures may be described and compared in terms of a coherent system of rules and their underlying value themes that operate within each culture. The usefulness of the rule model is tested with respect to a representative Eastern (Indonesian) culture and a representative Western (Australian) culture. Three questionnaires were administered to a wide variety of respondents within the Jakarta and Sydney areas. The questionnaires tapped first, the respondents choice of action in a hypothetical situation, second, the respondents affective reaction to each alternative action choice, and third, the respondents relative endorsement of conflicting value statements. The results indicated very clear patterns. Each cultural sample presented an internally consistent pattern of responses to the series of hypothetical situations. However, the patterns of responses of the two cultural samples were markedly different. The pattern of responses and their differences are explicable in te...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extracted polar lipids from the leaves of Passiflora species which varied in their resistance to chilling injury, and measured the temperature dependence of the spin labels.
TL;DR: The changes in chloroplasts activity and structure indicate that acclimation to temperature takes place over the entire temperature range in which chloroplast development is permitted.
Abstract: Seedlings of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L cv Abyssinian) were grown at constant temperature and light intensity and the properties and structure of chloroplasts in the primary leaf were examined Seventeen growth temperatures ranging from 2 to 37 C were employed Three major effects of the growth temperature were seen (a) At very low and high growth temperatures chloroplast biogenesis was inhibited This occurred in plants grown at temperatures above 32 C while growth at 2 C resulted in a mixed population of pale yellow, pale green, and green plants (b) Chloroplasts were produced at all other temperatures tested but growth temperatures within a few degrees of those inhibitory to chloroplast development resulted in chloroplasts with abnormal properties and structure Chloroplasts in the green plants grown at 2 and 5 C showed a number of structural peculiarities, including a characteristic crimping of granal thylakoids Photoreductive activity, measured using ferricyanide as the Hill oxidant in the presence of gramicidin D, was high, but this activity in chloroplasts isolated from plants grown at 2 C showed thermal inactivation at temperatures 5 degrees lower than was the case with plants grown at higher temperatures High growth temperatures (30 to 32 C) yielded chloroplasts with reduced photoreductive activity and a tendency toward the formation of large grana and disorientation of the lamellar systems with respect to one another Chloroplasts of the most affected plants (grown at 32 C) frequently contained a very large elongated granum, with narrow intrathylakoid spaces ( c ) Photoreductive activity was not constant at intermediate growth temperatures but steadily declined with decreasing growth temperatures between 27 and 11 C Some alterations in chloroplast structure were also observed The changes in chloroplast activity and structure indicate that acclimation to temperature takes place over the entire temperature range in which chloroplast development is permitted
TL;DR: In this paper, the microstructural evidence of partial to complete replacement of cordierite grains with biotite inclusions by fine-grained, symplectic intergrowths of andalusite, biotites, and quartz is presented.
01 Mar 1978
TL;DR: Small sinusoidal vibrations at 300 Hz were applied to frog sartorius muscle to measure the dynamic stiffness (Young's modulus) throughout the course of tetanus, and it is shown that a helix-coil model can account for the observed rapid relaxation of muscle without invoking any complex behaviour of the crossbridge head.
Abstract: Small sinusoidal vibrations at 300 Hz were applied to frog sartorius muscle to measure the dynamic stiffness (Young's modulus) throughout the course of tetanus. For a peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.4% the dynamic Young's modulus increased from 1.5×105 Nm−2 in the resting state to 2×107 Nm−2 in tetanus. After correction for the external connective tissue, the dynamic Young's modulus of the muscle was almost directly proportional to the tension throughout the development of tetanus. The ratio of dynamic Young's modulus to tensile stress thus remained constant (with a value at 300 Hz of approximately 100), consistently with Huxley and Simmons' identification of the crossbridges as the source of both tension and stiffness.
TL;DR: The contribution of ‘mutations’ (from whatever source) to selection response for a quantitative character is measured by selecting in lines from a largely homozygous base stock of Drosophila melanogaster, implicate unequal crossing over as a source of quantitative genetic variation and question current views concerning the rate at which new genetic variation arises.
Abstract: MUTATIONS, in the broad sense, are the source of genetic variation for evolutionary change, whether through the agency of natural or artificial selection. The contributions of new mutations to genetic variation in artificial selection lines are thought to be small, as estimates of the rate of generation of new genetic variation by mutation have been only of the order of 10−3 times the environmental variance for the character per generation1. However, several occurrences in selection lines2,3 have led us to question this view. We set out to measure the contribution of ‘mutations’ (from whatever source) to selection response for a quantitative character by selecting in lines from a largely homozygous base stock of Drosophila melanogaster. In two of the low lines response due to bobbed alleles was detected. This has allowed us to implicate unequal crossing over as a source of quantitative genetic variation and to question current views concerning the rate at which new genetic variation arises.
TL;DR: Of the strains examined, the lipopolysaccharides from representatives of the Inaba group contain only D-perosamine, while those of the Ogawa biotype have 4-amino-4-deoxyl-L-arabinose as an additional component, and the other Vibrios produce lipopoly Saccharides which lack these sugars.
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that incorporation occurs as a result of the elongation of RNA chains which were initiated, in vivo, and the amount of RNA synthesized is limited and remains complexed within the chromatin.
TL;DR: In this article, the Egyptian policy is dissected with conceptual tools borrowed from traditional institutional analysis, while it generally is recognized that Egyptian politics are not institutionalized, or, to use Moore's term, are "unincorporated".
Abstract: In recent years the political roles of the People's Assembly, the Arab Socialist Union, town and village councils, labor unions, and other Egyptian governmental structures have been analyzed. Interestingly enough, most observers would probably agree that the Egyptian parliament is for the most part a rubber stamp; that Egypt is a partyless and not a one-party state; that it lacks a viable system of local government as distinct from the prevailing system of provincial administration; and that labor unions are official but not truly behavioral entities. In short, the Egyptian policy is dissected with conceptual tools borrowed from traditional institutional analysis, while it generally is recognized that Egyptian politics are not institutionalized, or, to use Moore's term, are ‘unincorporated’. This contradiction merits comment.
TL;DR: Since increases in membrane fluidity are accompanied by increases in the passive permeability to small molecules in a number of membrane systems, it is suggested that the increased leakage which has been previously demonstrated in ripening banana fruit tissue is due to rises in the permeability of at least some cell membranes.