National Institute of Oceanography, India

About: National Institute of Oceanography, India is a facility organization based out in Panjim, Goa, India. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Monsoon & Population. The organization has 4713 authors who have published 6927 publications receiving 174272 citations.

Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes

Abstract: Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. The class includes many important plant pathogens, as well as endophytes, saprobes, epiphytes, and fungicolous, lichenized or lichenicolous taxa. The class includes freshwater, marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution. This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses; Diaporthomycetidae, Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders; Amplistromatales, Annulatascales, Falcocladiales, Jobellisiales and Togniniales. The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper. Notes for 397 taxa with information, such as new family and genera novelties, novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies, are provided. The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera. In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetes is also provided.

TropFlux: Air-Sea Fluxes for the Global Tropical Oceans - Description and evaluation against observations

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate several timely, daily air-sea flux products (NCEP, NCEP2, ERA-Interim and OAFlux/ISCCP) against observations and to present a newly developed air-sea flux product (TropFlux). Evaluation of basic variables used for bulk turbulent flux estimates (sea surface temperature, air temperature and humidity at 2m height and wind at 10m height) to observations from the global tropical moored array reveals that the recently released ERA-Interim data generally captures best the temporal variability (with correlations above 0.85 with mooring data) despite strong systematic biases in surface temperature and humidity, and underestimation of variance. Shortwave radiations from various re-analyses are generally inferior to those from the ISCCP project. Longwave radiations from all sources have low correlations with mooring observations (0.3 to 0.6), but with ISCCP and ERA-Interim performing best (give the correlation value here). We use mooring data to correct the systematic bias and amplitude of ERA-Interim basic meteorological variables, used as input to the COARE v3.0 algorithm. Wind speed is also corrected to take mesoscale wind gustiness into account, based on the linear fit between climatological sea surface temperature and gustiness values estimated from mooring data. We use the bias and amplitude corrected ERA-Interim surface net longwave radiation. Surface net shortwave radiation (SWR) is based on ISCCP, with a systematic bias and variability amplitude correction. The timeliness of the TropFlux product is limited by the availability of ISCCP SWR products, so we extend the time series by using a “near real-time” SWR estimated from outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) non-seasonal anomalies. The near real-time mode shortwave data performs well over convective regions but underestimates variability over the cold tongues of the Atlantic and Pacific. This timely estimate of SWR however performs better than the commonly used re-analysis SWR products. All products agree well in reproducing intraseasonal surface net heat fluxes fluctuations associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation in the Indian Ocean, and interannual heat flux variations associated with El Nino in the eastern Pacific. They do however exhibit marked differences in mean values and seasonal cycle. Comparison to global tropical moored array, ICOADS and fully independent flux data suggests that TropFlux and OAFlux net heat fluxes are superior to the three re-analyses. TropFlux hence provides a useful option for studying flux variability associated with ocean-atmosphere interactions, oceanic heat budgets and climate fluctuations in the tropics.

Microbial extracellular polymeric substances in marine biogeochemical processes

Abstract: Microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are widely distributed in marine environments and are found in free dissolved form, colloids, discreet particles like TEP and/or associated with particulate matter, including cell aggregates, detritus, biofilms, microbial mats, etc. The chemical composition of EPS is influenced by various factors, including nutrients, temperature, pH, physiology and age of the culture. Microbial EPS perform various functions, and are nvolved in diverse marinei processes. The unique gelling properties of icrobial mEPS are considered important in the transport and trans-formation of organic matter, complexation of dissolved metals and biogeochemical cycling of elements. EPS are rich in organic carbon and therefore are an important source of carbon for different organisms in the food chain. The production of dissolved EPS during the bacterial growth, production of particulate rganic ocarbon from the dissolved EPS and enzymatic breakdown and conversion of particulate EPS into dissolved rganic omatter within the microbial loop, form an mportant ialternate route of organic carbon cycling in the arine mtrophic web. In this article, ecent findings on EPSr and their significance in biogeochemical processes areMicroorganisms grow in free planktonic statediscussed with respect to their role in marine microbial ecology, marine food-web and other areas of future research.