Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1995"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors find a consistent and highly significant relationship between beta and cross-sectional portfolio returns for the entire sample, for subsample periods, and for data divided by months in a year.
Abstract: Unlike previous studies, this paper finds a consistent and highly significant relationship between beta and cross-sectional portfolio returns. The key distinction between our tests and previous tests is the recognition that the positive relationship between returns and beta predicted by the Sharpe-Lintner-Black model is based on expected rather than realized returns. In periods where excess market returns are negative, an inverse relationship between beta and portfolio returns should exist. When we adjust for the expectations concerning negative market excess returns, we find a consistent and significant relationship between beta and returns for the entire sample, for subsample periods, and for data divided by months in a year. Separately, we find support for a positive payment for beta risk.
448 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce a frontier model for productivity measurement that explicitly recognizes that some inputs are produced and consumed within the production technology, where intermediate inputs may also be final output.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to introduce a frontier model for productivity measurement that explicitly recognizes that some inputs are produced and consumed within the production technology. Here we differ from Koopmans (1951) by assuming that the intermediate inputs may also be final output. This assumption is in line with current international trade theory, where intermediate inputs are tradable. Our model consists of two production units that are interconnected in a network to form a production technology. The productivity measure employed here is the so-called Malmquist productivity index. This index consists of ratios of distance functions. Here these distance functions are defined on the network technology and they are computed using linear programming techniques.
439 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Principal Compo- nents Analysis (PCA) for exploratory analysis and data reduc- tion of an environmental data set and compared the eigenvalues from a data set prior to rotation with those from a matrix of random values of the same dimensionality (p variables and n samples).
Abstract: Numerous ecological studies use Principal Compo- nents Analysis (PCA) for exploratory analysis and data reduc- tion. Determination of the number of components to retain is the most crucial problem confronting the researcher when using PCA. An incorrect choice may lead to the underextraction of components, but commonly results in overextraction. Of several methods proposed to determine the significance of principal components, Parallel Analysis (PA) has proven con- sistently accurate in determining the threshold for significant components, variable loadings, and analytical statistics when decomposing a correlation matrix. In this procedure, eigen- values from a data set prior to rotation are compared with those from a matrix of random values of the same dimensionality (p variables and n samples). PCA eigenvalues from the data greater than PA eigenvalues from the corresponding random data can be retained. All components with eigenvalues below this threshold value should be considered spurious. We illus- trate Parallel Analysis on an environmental data set. We reviewed all articles utilizing PCA or Factor Analysis
358 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue for the usefulness of approaching social movement ideology as a set of cultural resources that can be understood in many of the same ways as are conventional structural resources.
Abstract: This essay argues for the usefulness of approaching social movement ideology as a set of “cultural resources” that can be understood in many of the same ways as are conventional structural resources. One important type of cultural resource is the rhetorical frame with which movements make public political claims. Using a specific substantive example of a cultural resource — rhetoric about the “public good” — I focus on the linkages between collective action frames and the wider cultural repertoire from which movements adapt their meanings. Three ideal-typical versions of public good rhetoric appear: the covenant; the contract; and the stewardshi
262 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors established source rock characterization and oil-oil and oil source rock correlations of selected organic-rich shale source rocks and selected light oils and condensates from Jurassic and Cretaceous formations of the Scotian Basin.
241 citations
TL;DR: A model of partnership development from the management literature is selected and applies to I/S partnering and the emphasis is on the manageable aspects of partnershipDevelopment and the actions that I/s managers can take to speed partnership development and deepen relationships with vendors.
Abstract: The I/S literature reflects an increased interest in outsourcing and partnerships with vendor firms. This paper selects a model of partnership development from the management literature and applies it to I/S partnering. The emphasis is on the manageable aspects of partnership development and the actions that I/S managers can take to speed partnership development and deepen relationships with vendors. Two case studies of I/S partnership development are used to test and illustrate the concepts developed from the model of partnering behaviour.
241 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that for some non-uniform rods and beams the equation of motion can be transformed into the equation for a uniform rod or beam, and when the ends are completely fixed, the eigenvalues of the nonuniform continuum are the same as those of uniform rods or beams.
219 citations
TL;DR: In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, the entire chromatogram eluting from the primary column is submitted to the secondary column for a second independent separation as discussed by the authors, which has peaks scattered about a plane rather than along a line.
202 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of minimizers in nonlinear elasticity is established under assumptions on the stored energy that permit the formation of new holes in the body, and the minimizers lie in a subclass of those maps in W 1, p, 2
Abstract: In this paper the existence of minimizers in nonlinear elasticity is established under assumptions on the stored energy that permit the formation of new holes in the body. Such cavities have been observed in experiments on elastomers, and a mathematical theory for radially symmetric cavities has been developed by Ball. Here the full three-dimensional problem is considered and an additional, physically motivated, energy term that is proportional to the area of the boundary of the deformed body is included. The minimizers lie in a subclass of those maps in W1, p, 2
195 citations
TL;DR: A number of relatively indirect and complex processes, as well as more direct (e.g., self-medication for psychopathology, nicotine sensitivity), mediate the inheritance of smoking behavior.
Abstract: Individual differences in psychopathology, personality, and nicotine responsitivity and their biological bases are evaluated as mechanisms potentially mediating smoking heritability. Smokers are more likely to be high in neurotic traits (e.g., depression, anxiety, anger) and in social alienation (psychoticism, impulsivity, unsocialized sensation-seeking, low conscientiousness, low agreeableness) and low in achievement/socioeconomic status. Psychological and biological mechanisms putatively mediating these associations are reviewed. It is concluded that a number of relatively indirect and complex processes, as well as more direct (e.g., self-medication for psychopathology, nicotine sensitivity), mediate the inheritance of smoking behavior.
180 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an international sample of advertising agency executives consider creative impact the most important and pressure (from time, client, etc.) the least important reason to use some form of standardized advertising.
Abstract: Advertising for multinational products uses standardization most often in strategy, less often in executions, and least often in language. This study's international sample of advertising agency executives considers creative impact the most important and pressure (from time, client, etc.) the least important reason to use some form of standardized advertising. Despite this, it is views on client pressure which explain most of the variance in views on future use of standardization. That is, those respondents who believe that client pressure is increasing also believe that overall use of standardization will increase. A separate sample of agency executives reinforced some of these findings, particularly the role of the successful, big idea and client pressure in making the decision to standardize. Copy research also plays a role in standardization recommendations, but it is not used as extensively as might be necessary.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the df gene is required for activation of the Pit-1 gene and provides evidence for a hierarchy of tissue-specific factors required for cellular commitment in the anterior pituitary gland.
TL;DR: In this paper, attributes are used together with ratios of distance functions to measure service quality of the production units to measure the productivity of production units. But they do not consider the use of attributes in the measurement of service quality.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors locate the three identity styles in Berzonsky's model within the five-factor model of personality, and find that the information-orientated and normative identity style scales were positively related to extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness.
TL;DR: The results with dwarf mice show that maintenance of islet numbers is not dependent upon pituitary PRL or GH; however, results with transgenic mice suggest that prolonged high levels of lactogens may induce islet neogenesis.
Abstract: To determine the effects of lactogenic hormones on pancreatic islet size and numbers, islets of 3-month-old female mice were intravitally stained by an ip injection of an alkaline-alcohol solution of diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone; 100 micrograms/g BW). After 15 min, animals were killed, and pancreases were removed, diced, cleared in glycerol, and whole mounted on slides. Major and minor axes of Zn dithizoate-stained islets were measured at x40 magnification. Islet areas and volumes were calculated. Animals and appropriate controls studied included 16-day pregnant, two lines of human GH-expressing transgenic, and two lines of pituitary PRL- and GH-deficient dwarf mice. Islet numbers per pancreas ranged from about 500-1200 in all groups except the transgenic mice, in which two of five animals in one group and one of five in the other showed significant increases in islet numbers (> 3 x SD control mean). In all cases, significant (P 150 microns) islets. Our results with dwarf mice show that maintenance of islet numbers is not dependent upon pituitary PRL or GH; however, results with transgenic mice suggest that prolonged high levels of lactogens may induce islet neogenesis. The islet area and volume results for all of the mice studied support the hypothesis that lactogenic hormones are potent regulators of islet mass.
TL;DR: Teaching medical students to be computer-literate will not only enable them to use information technology competently, but will foster their capacity for "termless learning," which involves the ability to assess the adequacy of one's knowledge, to efficiently redress identified deficiencies, and to direct one's ongoing learning well in a rapidly changing world.
Abstract: The call for medical students to become literate in the uses of information technology has become a familiar refrain. Over ten years ago, the Association of American Medical College's GPEP Report recommended that medical schools incorporate into their curricula training in the use of such technology; however, in the intervening decade, discouragingly little progress has been made toward meeting this goal, even though the need for such changes has grown more compelling. The author contends that teaching medical students to be computer-literate will not only enable them to use information technology competently, but will foster their capacity for "termless learning," which involves the ability to assess the adequacy of one's knowledge, to efficiently redress identified deficiencies, and to direct one's ongoing learning well in a rapidly changing world. He contends that by exposing medical students early in their training to the vast profusion of electronic information resources, medical educators can help produce a generation of practitioners who have a different orientation toward knowledge and learning. The author then assesses three different approaches to computer-literacy training: learning about computers, learning through computers (i.e., using computers as tools for instructional delivery), and learning with computers (i.e., requiring students to use computers in their work on a day-to-day basis). He concludes that none of the approaches is sufficient unto itself, but learning with computers offers the most powerful means of fostering the forms of termless learning that students will need to practice medicine in the future.
TL;DR: Acute exercise resulted in a larger increase in enzyme activities than trained exercise, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to cope with the enhanced production of superoxides and oxyradicals during exhaustive exercise.
Abstract: The effects of acute and trained exercise on antioxidant enzymes (AOE), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were compared in rat heart subcellular fractions and red blood cells. Fischer-344 rats were exercised acutely to 100% VO 2 max and another group of Fischer-344 rats were given trained exercise for 10 weeks. The AOE and MDA were measured by spectrophotometry and GSH and oxidized GSH (GSSG) by high pressure liquid chromatography. Trained exercise significantly increased cytosol GSH to 131% of sedentary control (SC). Acute exercise significantly increased mitochondrial Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase by 167%, 358%, and 129% of SC, respectively, whereas enzyme activities following trained exercise were increased by 133%, 166%, and 128% of SC. The mitochondria/cytosolic ratio for Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase after acute exercise increased to 1.9, 2.7, and 1.7, respectively, whereas the respective ratios of these enzymes after trained exercise were 1.3, 1.6, and 1.3. Acute exercise contributed to oxidative stress more than trained exercise. Acute exercise resulted in a larger increase in enzyme activities than trained exercise, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to cope with the enhanced production of Superoxides and oxyradicals during exhaustive exercise.
TL;DR: Using a two-bottle choice paradigm, adult C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice were given access to tapwater and an ascending series of concentrations of ethanol, nicotine, amphetamine, and th artificial sweetener, aspartame.
Abstract: Using a two-bottle choice paradigm, adult C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice (11 males an 10 females per strain) were given access to tapwater and an ascending series of concentrations of ethanol, nicotine, amphetamine, and th artificial sweetener, aspartame. The C57 mice consumed more ethanol, nicotine, and amphetamine, and showed greater preferences for these substances, than did the DBA/2 mice. In contrast, DBAs consumed more and showed greater preference for aspartame than C57s. However, measures of drug and aspartame consumption and preference were moderately intercorrelated when the effects of gender and strain were controlled for. This pattern of results suggests that factors modulating differences between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice in ethanol consumption and preference also modulate differences in consumption of nicotine and amphetamine.
TL;DR: To determine if a 10‐day delay in maturation could explain the increased numbers of Sertoli cells and increased testis size in PTU‐treated animals, the purpose of this report was to test this hypothesis experimentally.
Abstract: Background: The testes of rats treated neonatally with propylthiouracil (PTU) grow to almost twice their normal size. The cause of testicular enlargement has been suggested to be the result of delayed maturation of Sertoli cells, allowing Sertoli cell division to occur beyond the 15th postnatal day, the commonly recognized cutoff date for Sertoli cell divisions. It has been shown that an increased population of Sertoli cells in postnatal development supports increased numbers of germ cells in adult animals. After examining developing rats treated neonatally with PTU, we hypothesized that an approximate 10-day delay in maturation was occurring and proceeded to test this hypothesis experimentally. Thus the purpose of this report was to determine if a 10-day delay in maturation could explain the increased numbers of Sertoli cells and increased testis size in PTU-treated animals.
Methods: Both control animals and animals treated neonatally with PTU N = 5/group were sacrificed at 15 and 25 days of age and prepared for electron microscopy.
Results: Micrographs show and morphometric ultrastructural analysis of numerous parameters demonstrated at the 95% probability level that Sertoli cells from 25-day-old PTU animals are not different in size and most constituents (volume and surface area) from 15-day-old control animals and are less mature than 25-day-old control animals. Mitosis of Sertoli cells was observed in PTU-treated animals in 25-day-old animals but not in agematched controls. The number of Sertoli cells in 25-day-old PTU-treated animals is significantly increased over age-matched controls. Micrographs show the presence of immature Sertoli cell nuclei in 25-day-old animals receiving PTU as well as increased germ cell degeneration in this group. Sertoli cell tight junction formation is also delayed in PTU-treated animals as compared with controls.
Conclusions: Together, the data show that delayed maturation of Sertoli cells occurs in treated animals that corresponds to a minimum of 10 developmental days. In the immature state, Sertoli cells continue to divide. Data presented herein and published data related to PTU treatment indicate that delayed maturation of the Sertoli cell results in delayed maturation and proliferation of other testicular cell types. From this and from published data, the hypothesis is presented that the Sertoli cell is responsible for the overall control of testis development. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the correspondence between two of the most prominent and heuristic models of personality structure: Holland's (1985a) vocational personality typology and the five-factor model, and they concluded that Holland's typology as measured by the Self-Directed Search (SDS) may correspond with a portion of the fivefactor model; the dimensions of Openness and Extraversion seem particularly relevant.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model that demonstrates that motivating managers to change unpopular or irresponsible corporate behavior may be required when the stakeholders desire such a change using agency theory, and demonstrate why it may be necessary for an organized protest to impact on share prices before managers choose to change the behavior.
Abstract: In this research, the authors present a model that demonstrates that motivating managers to change unpopular or irresponsible corporate behavior may be required when the stakeholders desire such a change. Using agency theory, they then test part of the model and demonstrate why it may be necessary for an organized protest to impact on share prices before managers choose to change the behavior. Investors' reactions to announcements of product boycotts and stock divestitures made over the 23-year period 1969-1991 were examined. Announcements about boycotts were associated with significant negative market reactions, whereas divestiture announcements resulted in no significant market responses. From a pure stock market perspective, boycotts appear to be a more effective tool in influencing managers to change a company's behavior.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of environmental regulations on the Swedish pulp and paper industry has been analyzed using a non-parametric programming model of the technology, and the empirical result shows that the impact on the mills varies substantially, and that the burden from the regulations is less severe in 1990 than in 1989.
Abstract: In this paper we analyze the impact on firm profits of the environmental regulations in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. The approach taken is a non-parametric programming model of the technology. A feature of this industry is that environmental regulations are determined individually for each mill. A question, then, is if these individual regulations have a similar impact on firm profits. The approach in this paper allows us to calculate both the regulated and unregulated profits, which means that the severity of the regulations, in terms of foregone profits, can be calculated for each mill. The empirical result shows that the impact on the mills varies substantially, and that the burden from the regulations is less severe in 1990 than in 1989.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the role of self-concept and motivation in aiding resilient African American high school sophomores to obtain academic competence and found that resilient students placed more emphasis on extracurricular activities and material gain.
Abstract: This study of 138 urban subjects examined the role of self-concept and motivation in aiding resilient African American high school sophomores to obtain academic competence. In this study, high school sophomoresfrom an impoverished, stressful background with grade point averages of 2.75 or above were considered academically resilient. To determine resiliency status, socioeconomic status was determined by the Hollingshead Two Factor Index and stress by a self-report measure. Self-concept and motivation were measured by the High School Assessment of Academic Self-Concept and the Assessment of Personal Agency Beliefs. Findings suggest that resilient African American high school students differedfrom their nonresilient peers in the cognitive domain: cognitive ability, cognitive environmental support, cognitive control, and cognitive importance. They also placed more emphasis on extracurricular activities and material gain.
TL;DR: In this paper, a reformulation of the classic idea of community development as the pursuit of solidarity and agency is presented, which aligns community development with the central intellectual concerns of today.
Abstract: Despite its four decade-long history, community development is still insufficiently conceptualized. Its name is buried under various euphemisms, although its ideology has become the legitimizing cachet for social interventions of all sorts. This paper presents a reformulation of the classic idea of community development as the pursuit of solidarity and agency. Such a formulation aligns community development with the central intellectual concerns of today. While community development pursues the same goals as many other endeavors, its distinctiveness lies in the manner in which it pursues them, namely, by adhering to the principles of self-help, felt needs, and participation.
TL;DR: Posttest performance by all participants indicated the emergence of equivalence relations between fractions represented as ratios, decimals, and pictures, and limited generalization of fraction-decimal relations was observed.
Abstract: Stimulus control technology was applied to the instruction of fraction ratio (e.g., (1/5)) and decimal (e.g., 0.20) relations, with 7 students who demonstrated difficulty in fraction and decimal tasks. The students were trained to match pictorial representations of fractions (B comparison stimuli) to printed counterpart fraction ratios (A sample stimuli), and to match printed decimals (C comparison stimuli) to pictorial representations of counterpart quantities (B sample stimuli). Posttest performance by all participants indicated the emergence of equivalence relations between fractions represented as ratios, decimals, and pictures. Limited generalization of fraction-decimal relations was observed.
TL;DR: Signs in Society: Studies in Semiotic Anthropology as mentioned in this paper, by Richard J. Parmentier. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994, p. 223 pp..
Abstract: Signs in Society: Studies in Semiotic Anthropology. Richard J. Parmentier. Advances in Semiotics. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994. 223 pp.
TL;DR: Phylogenetic studies showed the new isolates to be specific relatives of Heliobacterium gestii and, as has been found in H. gestii, they produce heat-resistant endospores.
Abstract: Enrichment cultures for heliobacteria at 50°C yielded several strains of a thermophilic heliobacterium species from Yellowstone hot spring microbial mats and volcanic soils from Iceland. The novel organisms grew optimally above 50°C, contained bacteriochlorophyll g, and lacked intracytoplasmic membranes. All isolates were strict anaerobes and grew best as photoheterotrophs, although chemotrophic dark growth on pyruvate was also possible. These thermophilic heliobacteria were diazotrophic and fixed N2 up to their growth temperature limit of 56°C. Phylogenetic studies showed the new isolates to be specific relatives of Heliobacterium gestii and, as has been found in H. gestii, they produce heat-resistant endospores. The unique assemblage of properties found in these thermophilic heliobacteria implicate them as a new species of this group, and we describe them herein as a new species of the genus Heliobacterium, Heliobacterium modesticaldum.
TL;DR: The NEO-PI Openness domain was found to be the best predictor of WAIS-R FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ scores and the meaning and implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Abstract: WAIS-R and NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) scores obtained from 85 rehabilitation clients of the Evaluation and Development Center of Southern Illinois University's Rehabilitation Institute were utilized to examine the relationship between psychometric intelligence and personality. Correlational analyses revealed that the NEO-PI Openness domain and its six facets significantly correlated with WAIS-R FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ, and 9 of the 11 subtests. Multiple regression analyses showed that the five NEO-PI domains accounted for significant proportions of WAIS-R, FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ score variance. The NEO-PI Openness domain was found to be the best predictor of WAIS-R FSIQ, VIQ, and PIQ scores. The study concludes with a discussion of the meaning and implications of the findings and suggestions for future research.
TL;DR: To investigate the interrelationships between protein stability, function, and internal dynamics, a hydrogen exchange (HX) quench method was established and used to study the effects of sucrose on the structural fluctuations of ribonuclease A.
Abstract: Osmolytes are small organic solutes accumulated intracellularly by many organisms as they adapt to environmental stresses. Compatible osmolytes, a functional class of osmolytes, increase protein stability while having little or no effect on protein function. To investigate the interrelationships between protein stability, function, and internal dynamics, a hydrogen exchange (HX) quench method was established and used to study the effects of sucrose (a typical compatible osmolyte) on the structural fluctuations of ribonuclease A. It was found that the HX rates of the amide protons with intermediate rates are not affected by 1 M sucrose, but the slow-exchanging amide protons exchange even slower in 1 M sucrose. The protection factors of the slow-exchanging protons fall into a comparatively narrow range while those of the intermediate-exchanging protons vary widely. In agreement with the two-process model [Woodward, C.K., & Hilton, B. D. (1980) Biophys. J. 32, 561-575], we conclude that for those slow-exchanging amide protons, the exchange occurs mainly from the compact unfolded state ensemble of the protein. The internal dynamics leading to slow exchange involve exposure of large protein surface areas, similar to that which occurs upon the unfolding of protein. Because sucrose opposes such an increase in protein surface area exposure, both the slow HX rates and the protein stability are affected by sucrose. For those amide protons with fast and intermediate HX rates, the exchange occurs mainly from the native state ensemble of the protein. The internal dynamics involved in the exchange are localized without much surface area change, and functionally important structural fluctuations are likely to occur within this dynamic range.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)