Showing papers by "University of California, Irvine published in 1981"

Clinical Gynecologic Oncology

Abstract: Dedications Contributors Preface Acknowledgements 1. Preinvasive Disease of the Cervix, William T. Creasman 2. Preinvasive Disease of the Vagina and Vulva and Related Disorders, William T. Creasman 3. Invasive Cervical Cancer, Bradley J. Monk and Krishnansu S. Tewaria 4. Endometrial Hyperplasia, Estrogen Therapy, and the Prevention of Endometrial Cancer, Joan L. Walker and Rosemary E. Zuna 5. Adenocarcinoma of the Uterus, William T. Creasman 6. Sarcoma of the Uterus, D. Scott McMeekin 7. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, John Soper and William T. Creasman 8. Invasive Cancer of the Vulva, Frederick B. Stehman 9. Invasive Cancer of the Vagina and Urethra, Brian M. Slomovitz and Robert L. Coleman 10. The Adnexal Mass and Early Ovarian Cancer, Philip J. DiSaia 11. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, Larry J. Copeland 12. Germ Cell, Stromal, and Other Ovarian Tumors, Michael A. Bidus, Christopher M. Zahn and G. Scott Rose 13. Fallopian Tube Cancer, Jan S. Sunde, Keith J. Kaplan and G. Scott Rose 14. Breast Diseases, James V. Fiorica 15. Colorectal and Bladder Cancer, Philip J. DiSaia 16. Cancer in Pregnancy, Krishnansu S. Tewari 17. Complications of Disease and Therapy, Daniel L. Clarke-Pearson 18. Basic Principles of Chemotherapy, Christina S. Chu and Stephen C. Rubin 19. Tumor Immunology, Host Defense Mechanisms, and Biologic Therapy, Philip J. DiSaia 20. Genes and Cancer, David G. Mutch and Philip J. DiSaia 21. Palliative Care and Quality of Life, Bradley J. Monk and Lari Wenzel 22. Role of Laparoscopic Surgery in Gynecologic Malignancies, Robert S.Mannel 23. Epidemiology of Commonly Used Statistical Terms, and Analysis of Clinical Studies, Wendy R. Brewster APPENDICES A. Staging, William T. Creasman B. Modified from Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), Philip J. DiSaia C. Blood Component Therapy, Philip J. DiSaia D. Suggested Recommendations for Routine Cancer Screening, William T. Creasman E. Nutritional Therapy, Philip J. DiSaia F. Basic Principles in Gynecologic Radiotherapy, Catheryn M. Yashar Index

Bin packing can be solved within 1 + ε in linear time

Abstract: For any listL ofn numbers in (0, 1) letL* denote the minimum number of unit capacity bins needed to pack the elements ofL. We prove that, for every positive e, there exists anO(n)-time algorithmS such that, ifS(L) denotes the number of bins used byS forL, thenS(L)/L*≦1+e for anyL providedL* is sufficiently large.

Distal Regeneration and Symmetry

Abstract: A revision of the "polar coordinate model" shows how pattern formation in diverse regenerating systems can be understood in terms of strictly local cell interactions.

The ontogeny of the distribution of callosal projection neurons in the rat parietal cortex.

Abstract: The ontogeny of callosal projection neurons in the rat parietal cortex was examined using the retrograde and anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), as well as Golgi and Nissl stains. From postnatal day 0 (PND 0) to early PND 4, the callosal projection neurons are distributed as two continuous horizontal bands of cells which extend throughout the subplate in layers Va and Vc-upper VIa. Neurons within the cortical plate (CP), however, do not transport HRP from a contralateral injection site until PND 3 to early PND 4, when a few cells at the lower CP border are generally labeled. However, by late on PND 4, and more consistently by PND 5, several changes in the distribution of callosal projection neurons take place. First, cells at all levels of the CP become labeled in a sequential fashion, from the lower border upward. Second, gaps, or areas devoid of HRP, become apparent in layer IV of the barrel field area. Third, in the cortical areas containing the gaps, as well as in other areas which are destined not to be callosally connected in the adult, there is a noticeable decrease in the number of cells labeled with HRP. This decrease continues through PND 15 and possibly into adulthood. The foregoing developmental events are compared to cortical maturation as seen in both Golgi- and Nissl-stained material. By PND 15, the basic adult pattern of callosal projection neurons is established. The neurons reside mainly in layers III and Va, with fewer in layers II and Vc-upper VIa, and fewer still in the other cortical layers. They are aligned in vertical arrays in discrete areas of the cortex.

Specific chromosome loss associated with the expression of tumorigenicity in human cell hybrids

Abstract: Four related nontumorigenic and tumorigenic HeLa x fibroblast intraspecific human hybrid cell lines were analyzed to determine whether specific chromosome(s) are associated with the control of tumorigenic expression. The loss of one copy each of both chromosome 11 and chromosome 14 were associated, with a high degree of statistical significance, with the expression of tumorigenicity in two segregants derived from the original nontumorigenic hybrid population. Although the parental origin of the chromosomes could not be established in this study, our preliminary results suggest that complex, genetically determined, regulatory interactions may operate in the control of neoplastic expression.

Laser microsurgery in cell and developmental biology

Abstract: New applications of laser microbeam irradiation to cell and developmental biology include a new instrument with a tunable wavelength (217- to 800-nanometer) laser microbeam and a wide range of energies and exposure durations (down to 25 X 10(-12) second). Laser microbeams can be used for microirradiation of selected nucleolar genetic regions and for laser microdissection of mitotic and cytoplasmic organelles. They are also used to disrupt the developing neurosensory appendages of the cricket and the imaginal discs of Drosophila.

Time delay estimation using the LMS adaptive filter--Dynamic behavior

Abstract: A new application of the LMS adaptive filter, that of determining the time delay in a signal between two split-array outputs, is described. In a split array sonar, this time delay can be converted to the bearing of the target radiating the signal. The performance of such a tracker is analyzed for stationary broad-band targets. It is shown that a continuous adaptive tracker performs within 0.5 dB of the Cramer-Rao lower bound. Further, performance predictions are developed for a discrete adaptive tracker which demonstrates excellent agreement with simulations. It is shown that the adaptive tracker can have significantly less sensitivity to changing input spectra than a conventional tracker using a fixed input filter.

Synaptic localization of kainic acid binding sites.

Abstract: The heterocyclic compound kainic acid (KA) is a potent excitant when applied to mammalian neurones1. Lesions caused by injections of KA into the rat striatum and hippocampus cause similar patterns of damage to those seen in Huntington's chorea and status epilepticus, respectively2,3. Although it was originally thought to be a glutamate agonist4, it is now clear that KA does not act on the majority of the receptors for glutamate5–7, and in fact seems to act on a class of receptors which are distinct from those which mediate responses to other excitatory amino acids8,9. The potent and selective neurotoxic effects of this compound10 may be mediated by these same receptors. At present, the relative distribution of junctional and extra-junctional (non-synaptic) receptors is unknown and resolution of this issue would provide important insights into the action of KA on the central nervous system (CNS). We show here that KA binding sites are greatly enriched in isolated synaptic junctions from rat brain and, using an in vitro autoradiographic technique, we have found that these binding sites are concentrated specifically in terminal fields where KA acts as a potent neurotoxin.

Thalamic connections with limbic cortex. I. Thalamocortical projections.

Abstract: The thalamocortical projections to limbic cortex in the cat have been studied with retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques. Five limbic cortical areas were identified on the basis of cytoarchitecture. The five areas are the anterior limbic area, the cingular area, the dorsal and ventral retrosplenial areas, and the presubiculum. Each of these cortical areas received small injections of horseradish peroxidase, and the afferent thalamic nuclei were identified by retrograde labelling of cells. The cortical projection of each of the anterior thalamic nuclei and the lateral dorsal nucleus was determined autoradiographically. Each of the anterior thalamic nuclei and the lateral dorsal nucleus projects to limbic cortex by two pathways. One group of fibers leaves the rostral thalamus by the fornix, pierces the corpus callosum, joins the cingulate fasciculus to reach limbic cortex. The other group travels through the lateral thalamic peduncle and internal capsule. The anterior ventral nucleus projects primarily to the dorsal retrosplenial area, particularly to layer I, the deep portion of layer II, and superficial portion of layer III. Sparse projections also exist to the ventral retrosplenial area, the cingular area, and the presubiculum. Very sparse projections to the anterior limbic area are seen. The anterior dorsal nucleus projects primarily to the ventral retrosplenial area, particularly layers I, the deep portion of layer II, and superficial layer III. sparse projections exist to the dorsal retrosplenial area and presubiculum, but apparently no projections exist to the cingular or anterior limbic area. The anterior medial nucleus projects primarily to layers I and superficial III of the ventral retrosplenial area. sparse projections exist to each of the other limbic cortical areas. The lateral dorsal nucleus projects extensively onto limbic cortex. Prominent projections occur to layer I, the external granular layer and lamina dessicans of the presubiculum, layers I and III-IV of the dorsal retrosplenial area, and layers I, III, and IV of the cingular area. Sparse projections occur to the ventral retrosplenial area and the anterior limbic areas. Thalamocortical projections also originate in the midline and intralaminar nuclei including the central medial, reuniens, rhomboid, paracentral, central lateral, and central dorsal nuclei. These data indicate that the anterior thalamic nuclei project upon limbic cortex in a complex manner. Further, the projections to limbic cortex from the anterior nuclei overlap with projections from the lateral dorsal nucleus. This overlap of thalamic projections onto limbic cortex suggests a convergence of information from nonprimary sensory systems with information from the classical limbic system.

Environmental Learning and Cognitive Mapping.

Abstract: Microgenetic aspects of adult cognitive representations of large scale environments were examined for two samples. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed stable, parallel shifts in map construction for both samples. Landmarks appear to be used as initial anchor points in the environment with path structures elaborated subsequently within the initial landmark network. Further-more, basic ordinal accuracy of landmarks did not shift with experience, but exact location in space improved. The value of multidimensional scaling techniques and other multivariate techniques were also demonstrated.

Micromolar calcium stimulates proteolysis and glutamate binding in rat brain synaptic membranes

Abstract: Incubation of cortical synaptic membranes with low concentrations of calcium resulted in a decrease in the amount of a high-molecular-weight doublet protein and an increase in the sodium-independent binding of glutamate. Both effects were blocked by the thiol protease inhibitor leupeptin. These results suggest that calcium-induced proteolysis of membrane components regulates the number of glutamate receptors in neuronal membranes.

Phenotypic drift of metastatic and cell‐surface properties of mammary adenocarcinoma cell clones during growth in vitro

Abstract: We have examined cell clones obtained from a 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma tumor and its spontaneous lung metastasis for phenotypic stability during serial culture passage in vitro. Two clones that varied markedly in their metastatic properties were chosen for further examination. One of these clones (MTC) obtained from the parental transplanted tumor initially failed to metastasize within 23 days post-injection s.c. but gained the ability to form spontaneous pulmonary metastases after several serial passages in vitro. Another clone (MTLn3) derived from a spontaneous lung metastasis was initially highly metastatic after short-term culture, but lost the potential to form large numbers of spontaneous lung metastases with long-term culture. In contrast to MTA, clone MTLn3 displayed lymph-node metastasis, and the frequency of lymph-node involvement increased when late-passage cultures of MTLn3 cells were assayed in vivo. Both clones from late-passage cultures produced larger tumor sizes at the primary (mammary fat pad) injection sites compared to early passage cells. The morphologies of MTC cells changed with serial tissue culture passage, while the morphologies of MTLn3 cells did not change. The display of fibronectin on MTC cells by immunofluorescence did not change with culture passage; fibronectin was not detected in cultures of clone MTLn3. Fibronectin was also found on MTC cells by cell surface labelling using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination-sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-autoradio-graphy. lodination of fibronectin on MTC cells did not vary with culture passage, and as in immunofluorescence experiments it was not detected on MTLn3 cells. There was a decrease in exposure of certain cell surface proteins on MTC cells with culture passage, but we did not detect modifications with this procedure that correlated with culture passage of MTLn3 cells. We conclude that prolonged culture in vitro can result in modifications of metastatic and cell-surface properties of tumor cell clones.

Thalamic connections with limbic cortex. II. Corticothalamic projections

Abstract: The corticothalamic projections from the cat limbic cortex have been investigated with anterograde and retrograde axonal transport techniques. Five limbic cortical areas—the anterior limbic area, the cingular area, the granular and dysgranular retrosplenial areas, and the presubiculum—were identified on the basis of their cytoarchitecture. Emphasis was placed on determining the laminar distribution of the cells of origin of the efferent projections, the projection pathways, and the sites of termination within the thalamus. Projections to the thalamus originate in layers V and VI of limbic cortex. In the cingular region the cells of origin are predominantly in layer V and to a lesser extent in layer VI, while the majority of cells projecting from the more caudal retrosplenial areas and presubiculum are in layer VI. There are two fiber pathways from each cortical area to the thalamus. One system of fibers passes through the internal capsule and lateral thalamic peduncle, and a second system travels in the cingulate fasciculus before piercing the corpus callosum to join the postcommissural fornix. The lateral dorsal nucleus and the anterior nuclear group, including the anterior dorsal, anterior ventral, and anterior medial nuclei, are the major thalamic recipients of projections from limbic cortex. Corticothalamic projections also terminate sparsely in the midline and intralaminar nuclear complex, including the central lateral, central dorsal, paracentral, central medial, rhomboid, and reuniens nuclei. Projections from the anterior limbic area project predominantly to the anterior medial, centrall lateral, and paracentral nuclei. The anterior ventral nucleus, anterior medial nucleus, and lateral dorsal nucleus are the major thalamic recipients of projections from the cingular area, the granular and dysgranular retro-splenial areas, and the presubiculum. It appears that the anterior dorsal nucleus receives afferents only from the dysgranular retrosplenial area. Bilateral corticothalamic projections were found in the anterior medial, dorsal medial, central lateral, central medial, paracentral, and reuniens nuclei.

Trigeminal projections to the superior colliculus of the rat

Abstract: The deep layers of the rodent superior colliculus contain a vibrissae-related organization that is in “spatial register” with the overlying visuotopic organization (Drager and Hubel, '76). The distribution of vibrissae-related afferents and their cells of origin were determined with a number of anatomical techniques. The brainstem trigeminal complex afferents to the superior colliculus terminate in the lateral portions of the strata album intermediale and griseum profundum and, to a lesser degree, in deep portions of the stratum griseum intermediale. The cells giving rise to these afferents are located mainly in the ventral portions of the contralateral principal sensory nucleus, subnucleus oralis, and subnucleus interpolaris. The majority of tectal projection cells are found in subnucleus interpolaris, and the fewest in the principal sensory nucleus. Further, the density of projection cells in the three components of the brainstem trigeminal complex can be correlated with the density of their projections to the superior colliculus. The afferents from the somatosensory cortex terminate in a continuous band in the strata album intermediale and griseum intermediale. The cells of origin of this projection are located in layer Vb of the agranular zones of the ipsilateral somatosensory cortex. The present results suggest that the organization of trigeminal afferents to the deep portion of the superior colliculus is similar to that of the visual afferents to the superficial laminae. Further, the results suggest that observations on the nature of afferent termination patterns should be made with care, considering both the techniques employed and the idiosyncrasies of the local neuropil.

Location of hexane in lipid bilayers determined by neutron diffraction

Abstract: Knowledge of the interactions of alkanes and other small hydrophobic molecules dissolved in lipid bilayers is important for understanding lipid–protein interactions in membranes1, the microscopic properties of solutions2,3 and the mechanism of anaesthesia4–6. An essential element for describing these interactions is the distribution of the molecules across the thickness of the bilayer. Studies of black lipid films1,2,7–9 strongly suggest that dissolved alkanes are located primarily in the centre of the bilayer. Recent X-ray and neutron diffraction and thermodynamic measurements on lipid dispersions and oriented lipid multilayers are consistent with this view10–12. We present here the first direct evidence for this hypothesis obtained from neutron diffraction studies of oriented dioleoyl lecithin (DOL) multilayers containing deuterated hexane introduced using the vapour phase. The hexane is found mainly in a zone 10 A wide in the centre of the bilayer. We have also estimated the amount of hexane in the bilayers and the free energy of transfer from pure hexane to bilayer. Our numbers are considerably different from those reported by Simon et al.13 for the interaction of hexane with DOL liposomes. The differences may be due to difference in water activity and bilayer curvature14.

Air pollution and human behavior.

Abstract: While the impacts of human behavior on air pollution are considerable, very little research has examined this relationship. Similarly, little work has ensued on the effects of air pollution on human behavior. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing literature on air pollution and behavior and present an organizational structure that demonstrates gaps in the literature and lays an initial, conceptual framework for future research. The paper discusses research on the health effects, cognitive, affective, and conative components of air pollution and human response. In addition, the important roles of mediational constructs such as controllability of pollutant and adaptation are discussed in detail.

Bringing Some Clarity to Role Ambiguity Research

Abstract: Theoretical development of the concept of role ambiguity and empirical research on this concept have proceeded fairly independently of one another. Empirical work has confounded role ambiguity with both job dissatisfaction and formalization. A new model of ambiguity is offered, emphasizing unpredictability, rather than information deficiency. This model accords with expectancy theory.

Characterization of two [3H]glutamate binding sites in rat hippocampal membranes.

Abstract: The specific binding of L-[3H]glutamate was investigated in the presence and the absence of sodium ions in freshly prepared membranes from rat hippocampus. Sodium ions were found to have a biphasic effect; low concentrations induced a marked inhibition of the binding (in the range 0.5-5.0 mM), whereas higher concentrations resulted in a dose-dependent stimulation of binding (in the range 10-150 mM). These results permit the discrimination of two binding sites in hippocampal membranes. Both Na+-independent and Na+-dependent binding sites were saturable, exhibiting dissociation constants at 30 degrees C of 750 nM and 2.4 microM, respectively, with Hill coefficients not significantly different from unity, and maximal number of sites of 6.5 and 75 pmol/mg protein, respectively. [3H]Glutamate binding to both sites reached equilibrium between 5 and 10 min and was reversible. The relative potencies of a wide range of compounds, with known pharmacological activities, to inhibit [3H]glutamate binding were very different for the Na+-independent and Na+-dependent binding and suggested that the former sites were related to post-synaptic glutamate receptors, whereas the latter were related to high-affinity uptake sites. This conclusion was also supported by the considerable variation in the regional distribution of the Na+-dependent binding site, which paralleled that of the high-affinity glutamate uptake; the Na+-independent binding exhibited less regional variation.

Caffeine- and aminophylline-induced seizures.

Abstract: Summary: The epileptogenicity of caffeine and aminophylline was studied in rats. Intraperitoneal administration of caffeine produced an immediate excitation and seizures followed by an encephalopathy. A progression from encephalopathy to seizures was observed following aminophylline administration. During the development of behavioral seizures, the EEGs showed a progression from fast activity isolated or bursts of spikes and/or sharp waves to full-blown epileptiform discharges. A wide spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias was observed during and following the seizures. Epileptiform activities ranging from isolated or bursts of spikes and/or sharp waves to continuous epileptiform discharges were observed following local application of the drugs to the cerebral cortex. RESUME L'‘action epileptogene de la cafeine et de l'amino-phylline a eteetudiee chez le rat. L'administration intraperitoneale de cafeine produit une excitation immediate et des crises epileptiques suivies d'une encephalopathie. Apres administration d'amino-phylline, la progression des troubles se fait de l'’en-cephalopathie vers les crises. Au cours du developpe-ment des crises, les EEG evoluent progressivement d'une activite rapide vers des decharges isolees ou en bouffees de pointes et/ou de pointes lentes jusqu'a des decharges epileptiques auto-entretenues. Un large eventail d'arythmies cardiaques s'observe pendant et Apres les crises. Des activites epilepti-formes allant de pointes et/ou de pointes lentes isolees ou groupees en bouffees jusqu'a des decharges epi-leptiformes continues s'observent Apres application locale de ces drogues sur le cortex cerebral. RESUMEN Se ha estudiado la capacidad epileptogenica de la cafeina y de la aminofilina en las ratas. La adminis-tracion intraperitoneal de cafeina produjo una ex-citacion inmediata con ataques, seguidos de una encefalopatia. Una progresion de encefalopatia a ataques se observo despues de la administracion de aminofilina. Durante el desarrollo de ataques de comportamiento los EEGs mostraron una progresion desde actividad rapida, brotes aislados de puntas y/o ondas agudas a descargas epileptiformes plena-mente desarrolladas. Se registro un amplio espectro de arritmias cardiacas durante y despues de los ataques. Tras la aplicacion local de la droga en la corteza cerebral se observaron actividades epileptiformes que variaban desde puntas aisladas o en brotes, y/o ondas agudas, a continuas descargas epileptiformes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der epileptogene Effekt von Coffein und Amino-phyllin wurde bei Ratten untersucht. Die intraperitoneale Gabe von Coffein verursachte eine sofortige Erregung und cerebrale Anfalle gefolgt von einer Encephalopathie. Ein Fortschreiten ausgehend von Encephalopathie zu Anfallen hin konnte bei der Gabe von Aminophyllin beobachtet werden. Wahrend der Entwicklung von Anfallen mit Verhaltens-storungen zeigte das EEG eine Verschlechterung ausgehend von rascher Aktivitat, isolierten oder auch in Gruppen auftretenden spikes und/oder sharp waves bis zum Vollbild von Krampfaktivitat. Ein weites Spektrum cardialer Arrhythmien wurde wahrend und im Anschlus an die Anfalle beobachtet. Nach lokaler Applikation der Medikamente an den cerebralen Cortex wurde Krampfaktivitat von isolierten oder gruppierten spikes und/oder sharp waves bis zu kontinuierlichen Krampfentladungen registriert.

The Detection and Segmentation of Blobs in Infrared Images

Abstract: A computer procedure for detecting and finding the boundaries of blobs in noisy infrared images is described. Our evaluation of this procedure on a data base of 81 targets, 34 for design and 47 for test, resulted in only two false negatives (missed targets) and no false detections. Our procedure consists of an intensity normalizer, a dc notch filter, an edge detector, a spoke filter, a gradient-guided segmenter, an extractor of the standard deviation of the gray level in each blob, an extractor of the fraction of intense edge elements along the boundary of each blob, and a three-nearest-neighbor classifier. Among these processes, the spoke filter and the gradient-guided segmenter are new. Both of them contribute strongly to the effectiveness of our procedure. The spoke filter is sensitive to a wide variety of shapes of blobs within a specified range of sizes. The gradient-guided segmenter exploits the noise immunity of the direction of the digital gradient to find a best threshold for segmenting each detected blob.

Sexual Division of Labor in African Agriculture: A Network Autocorrelation Analysis

Abstract: A model of causes and consequences of sexual division of labor in agriculture is tested using a sample of African societies. Crop type and the presence or absence of slavery are shown to be effective predictors of the degree of female contribution to agricultural subsistence, and the degree of polygyny is shown to be affected by female agricultural contribution and the form of residence. Autocorrelation effects are found and are shown to be a consequence of Bantu societies having higher female participation in agriculture than would otherwise be expected. This effect is an example of one of the kinds of phenomena that anthropologists have referred to as Galton's problem. [sexual division of labor, cultural ecology, Galton's Problem, Africa]

Parallel interpretation of logic programs

Abstract: Logic programs offer many opportunities for parallelism. We present an abstract model that exploits the parallelism due to nondeterministic choices in a logic program. A working interpreter based on this model is described, along with variants of the basic model that are capable of exploiting other sources of parallelism. We conclude with a discussion of our plans for experimenting with the various models, plans which we hope will lead eventually to a multi-processor machine.