Institution
University of London
Education•London, United Kingdom•
About: University of London is a education organization based out in London, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Public health. The organization has 44838 authors who have published 88086 publications receiving 4002499 citations. The organization is also known as: London University & Lond..
Topics: Population, Public health, Health care, Malaria, Health policy
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: Secular and cohort trends in mortality from cancer in Scotland during 1953-93, and incidence during 1960-90, were analysed using individual records from the national mortality and registration files.
Abstract: Secular and cohort trends in mortality from cancer in Scotland during 1953-93, and incidence during 1960-90, were analysed using individual records from the national mortality and registration files. For certain cancer sites, the secular analyses of mortality were extended back to 1911 by use of published data. Mortality from cancer at older ages in Scotland has increased over the last 40 years. In each sex, this trend has been dominated by the effects of smoking: all-cancer rates and rates of lung cancer, now the most common fatal cancer in men and in women in Scotland, reached a peak in the cohort of men born at the turn of the century and the cohort of women born in the 1920s. For much of the period, the Scottish all-age rates of lung cancer were the highest reported in the world; they are now decreasing on a secular basis in men, but are still increasing in women. There have also been large increases at older ages in the incidence and mortality rates for cancer of the prostate in recent years. bladder cancer, nervous system cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, myeloma and leukaemia; for each there is likely to be a considerable artefactual element to the increase, with differing degrees of possibility that there may in addition be an element of real increase. Substantial decreases in mortality at all ages have occurred for stomach and colorectal cancers and substantial increases at all ages for pleural cancer and melanoma. Rates of mortality from breast cancer, the most common cancer in women in Scotland, have generally increased over the past 80 years; a temporary cessation in this upward trend occurred in the years during and after the Second World War, and recently rates have turned downward, probably at least in part because of better treatment. Mortality from ovarian cancer, the second most common reproductive-related female tumour in Scotland, has also increased at older ages. At younger ages, mortality from cancer in Scotland has decreased, especially in men, whereas incidence has not. This divergence, which has been a consequence of better treatment, has occurred especially for cancers of the testis and ovary, Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia. There have been increases at young adult ages, however, in both mortality from and incidence of oral and pharyngeal, oesophageal and laryngeal cancers in men, and melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in each sex. Cervical cancer rates at young ages also increased, but this trend has reversed for incidence in the most recent birth cohorts. Incidence rates have also increased for testicular cancer in young adults and leukaemia in children. With the possible exceptions of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and childhood leukaemia, the increasing rates are likely largely to reflect real rises in incidence, and they highlight the need for investigation of the causes of these cancers, and, when causes are known, for preventive action.
542 citations
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St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust1, Koç University2, Middle East Technical University3, University of London4, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust5, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists6, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust7, North Bristol NHS Trust8, University of Birmingham9, St George's, University of London10, Public Health England11, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health12, King's College London13
TL;DR: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes is presented in this article. But no systematic synthesis of evidence of this effect has been undertaken.
540 citations
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TL;DR: A list of historical examples of dramatic effects and the features of convincing inferences about treatment effects from sources other than randomised trials are identified, which may help to reduce controversy about evidence for treatments whose effects are so dramatic that randomised Trials are unnecessary.
Abstract: Although randomised trials are widely accepted as the ideal way of obtaining unbiased estimates of treatment effects, some treatments have dramatic effects that are highly unlikely to reflect inadequately controlled biases. We compiled a list of historical examples of such effects and identified the features of convincing inferences about treatment effects from sources other than randomised trials. A unifying principle is the size of the treatment effect (signal) relative to the expected prognosis (noise) of the condition. A treatment effect is inferred most confidently when the signal to noise ratio is large and its timing is rapid compared with the natural course of the condition. For the examples we considered in detail the rate ratio often exceeds 10 and thus is highly unlikely to reflect bias or factors other than a treatment effect. This model may help to reduce controversy about evidence for treatments whose effects are so dramatic that randomised trials are unnecessary.
540 citations
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TL;DR: By use of the framework of the Strategic Plans for South Africa for tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, this work provides prioritised four-step approaches for tuberculosis control, HIV prevention, and HIV treatment.
538 citations
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10 May 1996TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-modelling architecture for distributed artificial intelligence that automates the very labor-intensive and therefore time-heavy and expensive process of designing and implementing distributed systems.
Abstract: Partial table of contents: FORMULATIVE READINGS. Logical Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (E. Werner). Distributed Artificial Intelligence Testbeds (K. Decker). COOPERATION, COORDINATION, AND AGENCY. Coordination Techniques for Distributed Artificial Intelligence (N. Jennings). Negotiation Principles (H. Muller). Planning in Distributed Artificial Intelligence (E. Durfee). DAI FRAMEWORKS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. IMAGINE: An Integrated Environment for Constructing Distributed Artificial Intelligence Systems (D. Steiner). AGenDA--A General Testbed for Distributed Artificial Intelligence Applications (K. Fischer, et al.). Agent Factory: An Environment for the Fabrication of Multiagent Systems (G. O'Hare). RELATED DISCIPLINES. Philosophy and Distributed Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Joint Intention (R. Tuomela). User Design Issues for Distributed Artificial Intelligence (L. Hall). Appendix. Index.
538 citations
Authors
Showing all 44949 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
George Davey Smith | 224 | 2540 | 248373 |
Karl J. Friston | 217 | 1267 | 217169 |
Nicholas J. Wareham | 212 | 1657 | 204896 |
David Miller | 203 | 2573 | 204840 |
Raymond J. Dolan | 196 | 919 | 138540 |
Peter J. Barnes | 194 | 1530 | 166618 |
Michael Marmot | 193 | 1147 | 170338 |
Michael Rutter | 188 | 676 | 151592 |
Terrie E. Moffitt | 182 | 594 | 150609 |
Tony Hunter | 175 | 593 | 124726 |
Chris D. Frith | 173 | 524 | 130472 |
David Baker | 173 | 1226 | 109377 |
Barry Halliwell | 173 | 662 | 159518 |
Didier Raoult | 173 | 3267 | 153016 |
Feng Zhang | 172 | 1278 | 181865 |