Showing papers by "University of London published in 1996"
TL;DR: Ten cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been identified in the UK in recent months with a new neuropathological profile that raises the possibility that they are causally linked to BSE.
2,574 citations
TL;DR: The view is widely held that experimental methods (randomised controlled trials) are the "gold standard" for evaluation and that observational methods have little or no value, but this ignores the limitations of randomised trials.
Abstract: The view is widely held that experimental methods (randomised controlled trials) are the “gold standard” for evaluation and that observational methods (cohort and case control studies) have little or no value. This ignores the limitations of randomised trials, which may prove unnecessary, inappropriate, impossible, or inadequate. Many of the problems of conducting randomised trials could often, in theory, be overcome, but the practical implications for researchers and funding bodies mean that this is often not possible. The false conflict between those who advocate randomised trials in all situations and those who believe observational data provide sufficient evidence needs to be replaced with mutual recognition of the complementary roles of the two approaches. Researchers should be united in their quest for scientific rigour in evaluation, regardless of the method used.
Despite the essential role of observational methods in shedding light on the effectiveness of many aspects of health care, some scientists believe such methods have little or even nothing to contribute. In his summing up at a major conference held in 1993, the eminent medical epidemiologist Richard Doll concluded that observational methods “provide no useful means of assessing the value of a therapy.”1 The widely held view that experimental methods (randomised controlled trials) are the “gold standard” for evaluation has led to the denigration of non-experimental methods, to the extent that research funding bodies and journal editors automatically reject them. I suggest that such attitudes limit our potential to evaluate health care and hence to improve the scientific basis of how to treat individuals and how to organise services.
My main contention is that those who are opposed to the use of observational methods have assumed that they represent an alternative to experimentation rather than a set of complementary approaches. This in turn stems from a misguided notion that everything …
1,562 citations
TL;DR: There was a significant association between available distribution of C-reactive protein and subsequent coronary heart disease mortality and the association persisted when adjusted for characteristics related to smoking and smoking cessation during the trial and to pulmonary function.
Abstract: The authors measured the relation between C-reactive protein, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and albumin, an acute phase protein, and subsequent risk of myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease death in a nested case-control study among the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) participants There were 98 myocardial infarction cases, 148 coronary heart disease deaths, and 491 controls The cases and controls were followed for up to 17 years for deaths and 6-7 years for myocardial infarction cases and controls There was a significant association between available distribution of C-reactive protein and subsequent coronary heart disease mortality For smokers at baseline, the risk of coronary heart disease deaths in quartile 4 of C-reactive protein as compared with quartile 1 was 43 (95% confidence interval 174-108) The association persisted when adjusted for characteristics related to smoking and smoking cessation during the trial and to pulmonary function There was no relation between alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and either myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease death Albumin was inversely related to coronary heart disease death only for deaths that occurred between 7 and 13 years after baseline, consistent with previous MRFIT analyses This is the first prospective study in "healthy but high risk individuals" to document the relation between C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease mortality
1,135 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1996TL;DR: Lowenthal as mentioned in this paper discusses the myriad uses and abuses of historical appropriation and offers a rare and accessible account of a concept at once familiar and fraught with complexity, arguing that the rise of a manifold, crusade-like obsession with tradition and inheritance can lead to either good or evil.
Abstract: Heritage, while it often constitutes and defines the most positive aspects of culture, is a malleable body of historical text subject to interpretation and easily twisted into myth. When it is appealed to on a national or ethnic level in reactions against racial, religious, or economic oppression, the result is often highly-charged political contention or conflict. The extraordinary theme of this unique book is how the rise of a manifold, crusade-like obsession with tradition and inheritance--both physical and cultural--can lead to either good or evil. In a balanced account of the pros and cons of the rhetoric and spoils of heritage--on the one hand cultural identity and unity, on the other, potential holy war--David Lowenthal discusses the myriad uses and abuses of historical appropriation and offers a rare and accessible account of a concept at once familiar and fraught with complexity.
962 citations
Book•
28 Oct 1996TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a new forest-savanna ecology and history, which they refer to as a forest island in regional social and political history, and a forest gain as historical evidence of vegetation change.
Abstract: Introduction 1. Convictions of forest loss in policy and ecological science 2. Forest gain: historical evidence of vegetation change 3. Settling a landscape: forest islands in regional social and political history 4. Ecology and society in a Kuranko village 5. Ecology and society in a Kissi village 6. Enriching a landscape: working with ecology and deflecting successions 7. Accounting for forest gain: local land use, regional political economy and demography 8. Reading forest history backwards: a century of environmental policy 9. Sustaining reversed histories: the continual production of views of forest loss 10. Towards a new forest-savanna ecology and history.
806 citations
TL;DR: The compartmentalization of the components of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system and the cell-specific expression of theMyrosinases represents a unique plant defence system.
Abstract: The myrosinase-glucosinolate system is involved in a range of biological activities affecting herbivorous insects, plants and fungi. The system characteristic of the order Capparales includes sulphur-containing substrates, the degradative enzymes myrosinases, and cofactors. The enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of glucosinolates initially involves cleavage of the thioglucoside linkage, yielding D-glucose and an unstable thiohydroximate-O-sulphonate that spontaneously rearranges, resulting in the production of sulphate and one of a wide range of possible reaction products. The products are generally a thiocyanate, isothiocyanate or nitrile, depending on factors such as substrate, pH or availability of ferrous ions. Glucosinolates in crucifers exemplify components that are often present in food and feed plants and are a major problem in the utilization of products from the plants. Toxic degradation products restrict the use of cultivated plants, e.g. those belonging to the Brassicaceae. The myrosinase-glucosinolate system may, however, have several functions in the plant. The glucosinolate degradation products are involved in defence against insects and phytopathogens. and potentially in sulphur and nitrogen metabolism and growth regulation. The compartmentalization of the components of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system and the cell-specific expression of the myrosinase represents a unique plant defence system. In this review, we summarize earlier results and discuss the organisation and biochemistry of the myrosinase-glucosinolate system.
718 citations
TL;DR: The identification of CDV from these lions, and the close phylogenetic relationship between CDV isolates from lions and domestic dogs are reported.
Abstract: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is thought to have caused several fatal epidemics in canids within the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem of East Africa, affecting silver-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) and bat-eared foxes (Otocyon megalotis) in 1978 (ref. 1), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in 1991 (refs 2, 3). The large, closely monitored Serengeti lion population was not affected in these epidemics. However, an epidemic caused by a morbillivirus closely related to CDV emerged abruptly in the lion population of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, in early 1994, resulting in fatal neurological disease characterized by grand mal seizures and myoclonus; the lions that died had encephalitis and pneumonia. Here we report the identification of CDV from these lions, and the close phylogenetic relationship between CDV isolates from lions and domestic dogs. By August 1994, 85% of the Serengeti lion population had anti-CDV antibodies, and the epidemic spread north to lions in the Maasai Mara National reserve, Kenya, and uncounted hyaenas, bat-eared foxes, and leopards were also affected.
639 citations
TL;DR: Measles infection may prevent the development of atopy in African children, and is associated with a large reduction in the risk of skin-prick test positivity to housedust mite after adjustment for breastfeeding and other variables.
594 citations
Book•
10 May 1996TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-modelling architecture for distributed artificial intelligence that automates the very labor-intensive and therefore time-heavy and expensive process of designing and implementing distributed systems.
Abstract: Partial table of contents: FORMULATIVE READINGS. Logical Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (E. Werner). Distributed Artificial Intelligence Testbeds (K. Decker). COOPERATION, COORDINATION, AND AGENCY. Coordination Techniques for Distributed Artificial Intelligence (N. Jennings). Negotiation Principles (H. Muller). Planning in Distributed Artificial Intelligence (E. Durfee). DAI FRAMEWORKS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. IMAGINE: An Integrated Environment for Constructing Distributed Artificial Intelligence Systems (D. Steiner). AGenDA--A General Testbed for Distributed Artificial Intelligence Applications (K. Fischer, et al.). Agent Factory: An Environment for the Fabrication of Multiagent Systems (G. O'Hare). RELATED DISCIPLINES. Philosophy and Distributed Artificial Intelligence: The Case of Joint Intention (R. Tuomela). User Design Issues for Distributed Artificial Intelligence (L. Hall). Appendix. Index.
538 citations
TL;DR: MTA has the potential to be used as a pulp-capping material during vital pulp therapy, and all six pulps in this group had a complete dentin bridge, compared to all of the pulps capped with the calcium hydroxide preparation.
Abstract: This study examined the dental pulp responses in monkeys to mineral trioxide aggregate, or MTA, and a calcium hydroxide preparation when used as pulp-capping materials. After the pulps of 12 mandibular incisors were exposed with a No. 1 round bur, they were capped with either MTA or the calcium hydroxide preparation. After five months, the authors noted no pulpal inflammation in five of six samples capped with MTA, and all six pulps in this group had a complete dentin bridge. In contrast, all of the pulps capped with the calcium hydroxide preparation showed pulpal inflammation, and bridge formation occurred in only two samples. Based on these results, it appears that MTA has the potential to be used as a pulp-capping material during vital pulp therapy.
499 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that the association between memory retrieval and future imaging arises because the intermediate descriptions used in searching autobiographical memory are also used to generate images of possible events in the future.
Abstract: Three studies examined whether the specificity with which people retrieve episodes from their past determines the specificity with which they imagine the future. In the first study, suicidal patients and nondepressed controls generated autobiographical events and possible future events in response to cues. Suicidal subjects' memory and future responses were more generic, and specificity level for the past and the future was significantly correlated for both groups. In the second and third studies, the effect of experimental manipulation of retrieval style was examined by instructing subjects to retrieve specific events or summaries of events from their past (Experiment 2) or by giving high- or low-imageable words to cue memories (Experiment 3). Results showed that induction of a generic retrieval style reduced the specificity of images of the future. It is suggested that the association between memory retrieval and future imaging arises because the intermediate descriptions used in searching autobiographical memory are also used to generate images of possible events in the future.
06 May 1996
TL;DR: This work presents a fair non-repudiation protocol that requires a trusted third party but attempts to minimize its involvement in the execution of the protocol.
Abstract: A fair non-repudiation protocol should not give the sender of a message an advantage over the receiver, or vice versa. We present a fair non-repudiation protocol that requires a trusted third party but attempts to minimize its involvement in the execution of the protocol. We draw particular attention to the nonstandard use of encryption in our protocol and discuss some aspects of its formal verification.
TL;DR: It is concluded that likelihood based methods are preferred to the standard method in undertaking random effects meta-analysis when the value of sigma B2 has an important effect on the overall estimated treatment effect.
Abstract: In a meta-analysis of a set of clinical trials, a crucial but problematic component is providing an estimate and confidence interval for the overall treatment effect theta. Since in the presence of heterogeneity a fixed effect approach yields an artificially narrow confidence interval for theta, the random effects method of DerSimonian and Laird, which incorporates a moment estimator of the between-trial components of variance sigma B2, has been advocated. With the additional distributional assumptions of normality, a confidence interval for theta may be obtained. However, this method does not provide a confidence interval for sigma B2, nor a confidence interval for theta which takes account of the fact that sigma B2 has to be estimated from the data. We show how a likelihood based method can be used to overcome these problems, and use profile likelihoods to construct likelihood based confidence intervals. This approach yields an appropriately widened confidence interval compared with the standard random effects method. Examples of application to a published meta-analysis and a multicentre clinical trial are discussed. It is concluded that likelihood based methods are preferred to the standard method in undertaking random effects meta-analysis when the value of sigma B2 has an important effect on the overall estimated treatment effect.
TL;DR: It is postulated that decreased N-acetylaspartate levels seen in disease states by 1H NMR spectroscopy in vivo may reflect primarily an impaired mitochondrial energy production rather than neuronal cell loss.
Abstract: The effect of specific irreversible inhibitors of complexes I, III, IV and V of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, (rotenone, myxothiazol, cyanide and oligomycin, respectively) on mitochondrial N-acetylaspartate production, and its relationship to oxidative phosphorylation (ATP production and oxygen consumption) were investigated in isolated rat brain mitochondria. Mitochondrial N-acetylaspartate production, ATP production and oxygen consumption were all significantly decreased in the presence of each of the inhibitors used compared with control incubations, and correlated positively with each other. It is postulated that decreased N-acetylaspartate levels seen in disease states by 1H NMR spectroscopy in vivo may reflect primarily an impaired mitochondrial energy production rather than neuronal cell loss.
TL;DR: A failure to realise growth potential in utero (as indicated by being light at birth but tall as an adult) is associated with raised adult blood pressure, and metabolic disturbances, possibly related to insulin resistance, may provide a pathway through which fetal growth affects blood pressure.
Abstract: Failure to realise growth potential in utero and adult obesity in relation to blood pressure in 50 year old Swedish men
TL;DR: It is proposed that NO−2 reacts with HOCl by Cl+ transfer to form both cis- and trans-chlorine nitrite (Cl-ONO) and Cl-NO2 as intermediates that modify tyrosine by either direct reaction or after decomposition to reactive free and solvent-caged Cl· and ·NO1 as reactive species.
TL;DR: Results from these studies suggest that both clinical and nonclinical subjects may benefit acutely from even a single bout of exercise.
TL;DR: Patients with early Huntington's disease were found to have a wide range of cognitive impairments encompassing both visuospatial memory and executive functions, a pattern distinct from those seen in other basal ganglia disorders.
Abstract: Eighteen patients with early Huntington's disease were compared with age- and IQ-matched control volunteers on tests of executive and mnemonic function taken from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Tests of pattern and spatial recognition memory, spatial span, spatial working memory, spatial planning and visual discrimination learning/attentional set shifting were employed. These tests have previously been found to be sensitive to the later stages of Huntington's disease. Patients with early Huntington's disease were found to have a wide range of cognitive impairments encompassing both visuospatial memory and executive functions, a pattern distinct from those seen in other basal ganglia disorders. In contrast to patients with more advanced Huntington's disease, early Huntington's disease patients were not impaired at simple reversal learning, but were impaired at performing an extradimensional shift (EDS). The results will be discussed in relation to the hypothesized neuropathological staging of Huntington's disease and to the anatomical connectivity of the striatum.
TL;DR: Results suggest a favorable outcome with respect to diagnostic status for clinically referred children with anxiety disorders, however, these children may be at risk for new psychiatric disorders over time.
Abstract: Objective: To evaluate course and outcome of DSM-Ill-R anxiety disorders prospectively in clinically referred children. Method: Children were blindly and repeatedly assessed with a structured diagnostic interview over a 3- to 4-year period to determine recovery from anxiety disorder and development of new psychiatric disorders. Both psychopathological (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, n = 50) and never psychiatrically ill (NPI, n = 83) controls served as comparison groups for children with anxiety disorders (n = 84). Results: The majority of children (82%) were free from their intake anxiety disorders by the end of the follow-up. Relapse of these anxiety disorders after remission was rare (8%). During follow-up, anxious children were more likely to develop new psychiatric disorders (30%), primarily new anxiety disorders (l6%), than were NPI children (1 1% and 2%, respectively), but not psychopathological controls (42% and lo%, respectively). Conclusions: Overall, results suggest a favorable outcome with respect to diagnostic status for clinically referred children with anxiety disorders. However, these children may be at risk for new psychiatric disorders over time. J. Am. Prior to 1980, anxiety disorders in children and adolescents had been relatively ignored in terms of scientific inquiry. One reason for this was the widely held notion that fears and worries during childhood were transitory in nature and thus did not constitute an important or compelling area for investigation. With the arrival of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980), childhood anxiety disorders gained a prominent position in our diagnostic nomenclature. The improvements in the diagnostic criteria that accompanied this revision led to increased attention to childhood anxiety disorders from the research community. Anxiety disorders now are recognized to be among the most prevalent of childhood disorders (Bernstein and Borchardt, 199 l), with anxious children manifesting levels of symptom severity and impairment akin to adult anxiety disorders (Last, 1993). Moreover, retrospective studies of children and adults suggest that childhood anxiety
TL;DR: Salt intake, measured as 24-hour urine sodium excretion, is likely the rate-limiting factor of stomach cancer mortality at the population level.
Abstract: Background. High salt and nitrate intake are considered as risk factors for stomach cancer, but little is known about possible interactions. This ecological study examines the respective importance of both factors for stomach cancer mortality at the population level using data obtained under standardized conditions and with biochemical analyses performed in the same laboratories. Method. Randomly selected 24-hour urine samples from 39 populations, sampled from 24 countries (N = 5756 people for sodium, 3303 for nitrate) were obtained from the INTERSALT study. Median sodium and nitrate levels were age- and sex-standardized between ages 20-49 years and averaged per country. Ecological correlation-regression analyses were done in relation to national stomach cancer mortality rates. Results. The Pearson correlation of stomach cancer mortality with sodium for the 24 countries was : 0.70 in men and 0.74 in women (both P < 0.001), and with nitrate : 0.63 (P = 0.001) in men and 0.56 (P < 0.005) in women. In multiple regression of stomach cancer mortality, using sodium and nitrate as independent variables, the adjusted R 2 was 0.61 in men and 0.54 in women (both P < 0.001). Addition of the interaction term (sodium x nitrate) to the previous model increased the adjusted R 2 to 0.77 in men, and to 0.63 in women. The analysis of this model showed that the importance of nitrate as risk factor for stomach cancer mortality increased markedly with higher sodium levels. However, the relationship of stomach cancer mortality with sodium was always stronger than with nitrate. Conclusions. Salt intake, measured as 24-hour urine sodium excretion, is likely the rate-limiting factor of stomach cancer mortality at the population level.
TL;DR: The notion of communities-of-practice is introduced in this paper as a core concept to highlight the paradoxical processes of inertia and change centered on groups, and a series of examples is drawn from a recent action research project in order to illustrate the possibilities for applying learning theory.
Abstract: The management of change has become characterized by an atheoretical pragmatism, overfocused on the political aspects of the change process. Emerging interest in the learning organization provides an occasion to remedy this, by developing a theory of change which is more congruent with the requirement to build learning capacity within organizations. The result should be to place learning theory more centrally within the theory of planned organizational change. This should also reinvigorate action research by defining a wider range of learning technologies and perspectives. The argument is developed by first reviewing theories of learning employed in organizational change. The notion of communities-of-practice is then developed as a core concept to highlight the paradoxical processes of inertia and change centered on groups. A series of examples is then drawn from a recent action research project in order to illustrate the possibilities for applying learning theory. Finally, a research agenda is set out fo...
TL;DR: Although a history of overseas travel is usually a factor when malaria presents, it should be remembered that malarial infections may be acquired by blood transfusion, sharing syringes, organ transplants, and accidental laboratory inoculation.
Abstract: Introduction Persons with a history of travel in parts of the world where malaria is endemic who develop fever within weeks of return, may be suffering from malignant tertian malaria (Plasmodium falciparum). P falciparum infections rarely persist for more than one year untreated, but may be fatal within days. In 1994 and 1995 there were 11 and four, respectively, imported malaria fatalities in the UK. The other three species of malaria infecting humans may, after the initial feverish symptoms have died down, recur after several months to four years in the case ofP vivax and P ovale, which have dormant liver forms, and for up to 40 or more years in the case of P malariae, which can persist in the blood of untreated persons.' Although a history of overseas travel is usually a factor when malaria presents, it should be remembered that malarial infections may be acquired by blood transfusion, sharing syringes, organ transplants, and accidental laboratory inoculation. A significant number of reports exist of malaria transmission having taken place in the vicinity of airports in non-endemic countries, owing to the accidental importation of infected vector female Anopheles mosquitoes. Currently, the accepted diagnostic technique for malaria is the examination of stained blood films under the oil immersion lens of the microscope. Serology plays a part in epidemiology and in various special investigations.2
TL;DR: The data show that melatonin exerts only limited direct antioxidant activities and serotonin was weakly pro-oxidant in the ferric-bleomycin system and strongly pro-Oxidants in the Fe(3+)-EDTA/H2O-deoxyribose system.
TL;DR: Estimation of critical percentage of dogs in a population should be immunized to eliminate or prevent outbreaks of rabies by using epidemic theory, together with data available from four outbreaks in urban and rural areas of the USA, Mexico, Malaysia and Indonesia.
TL;DR: A cognitive behavioural model of body image is presented with specific reference to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and makes specific hypotheses from the model for testing BDD patients in comparison with patients with "real" disfigurements who seek cosmetic surgery and healthy controls without any defect.
TL;DR: Angina is avoided more successfully with CABG, but PTCA offers a speedier return to work, and both intervention strategies then produce similar benefits for quality of life and employment over several years.
Abstract: Background The Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA) trial compares initial policies of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in 1011 patients with angina. This report assesses the impact of these revascularization procedures on angina, quality of life (according to the Nottingham Health Profile), and employment over 3 years of follow-up. Methods and Results Both interventions produced marked improvement in all quality-of-life dimensions (energy, pain, emotional reactions, sleep, social isolation, and mobility) and seven aspects of daily living. Patients with angina at 2 years had more quality-of-life impairment than angina-free patients, whose perceived health was similar to population norms. This reflects the close link at baseline between angina grade and quality of life. The slightly greater impairment of quality of life in PTCA compared with CABG patients is a result of their significantly higher chances of having angina, especially after 6 months. Employment status was investigated mainly for men ≤60 years old. PTCA patients returned to work sooner (40% at 2 months compared with 10% of CABG patients), but the latter caught up by 5 months. After 2 years, 22% and 26% of CABG and PTCA patients, respectively, were not working for cardiac reasons. Patients with angina at 2 years were much more likely to be unemployed than those without. Conclusions The impact of angina on quality of life and unemployment is greatly alleviated by PTCA or CABG. Angina is avoided more successfully with CABG, but PTCA offers a speedier return to work. Both intervention strategies then produce similar benefits for quality of life and employment over several years.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A review of the literature that has appeared over the past five decades indicates that the median case fatality from severe malnutrition has remained unchanged over this period and is typically 20-30%, with the highest levels (50-60%) being among those with oedematous malnutrition as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A review of the literature that has appeared over the past five decades indicates that the median case fatality from severe malnutrition has remained unchanged over this period and is typically 20-30%, with the highest levels (50-60%) being among those with oedematous malnutrition. A likely cause of this continuing high mortality is faulty case-management. A survey of treatment centres worldwide (n = 79) showed that for acutely ill children, inappropriate diets that are high in protein, energy and sodium and low in micronutrients are commonplace. Practices that could have fatal consequences, such as prescribing diuretics for oedema, were found to be widespread. Evidence of outmoded and conflicting teaching manuals also emerged. Since low mortality levels from malnutrition can be achieved using appropriate treatment regimens, updated treatment guidelines, which are practical and prescriptive rather than descriptive, need to be implemented as part of a comprehensive training programme.
TL;DR: The activation of NF-kappaB in vascular endothelium and type A synovial lining cells is a feature ofsynovial tissue from both RA and OA patients, and the distribution of this staining appears to be related to the clinical diagnosis.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been implicated in the inflammatory response and is known to be activated by a process involving reactive oxygen intermediates. The purpose of the present study was to demonstrate the presence and distribution of activated NF-kappaB in synovium samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and from autopsy subjects with no known history of arthritis. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was performed using both polyclonal and monoclonal "activity-specific" antibodies to the Rel-A (p65) subunit of NF-kappaB (anti-Rel-A nuclear location sequences). Histologic features of inflammation were also scored. RESULTS: Both antibodies demonstrated positive staining of synovial tissue, with a cellular distribution that was nuclear. The staining was associated with specific cell types within the tissue, in particular, type A synoviocytes and vascular endothelium. Notably, lymphoid aggregates were unstained. Using the monoclonal antibody, a further study was carried out to investigate the distribution of staining in tissues from patients with different disease activities and clinical diagnoses, as well as in normal control tissue obtained at autopsy. Patients with acute RA more commonly showed vessel staining (P = 0.05) and, conversely, showed less frequent staining of the synovial lining (P < 0.005) compared with OA patients. Synovial tissue from controls exhibited either no staining or only weak staining in the synovial lining. CONCLUSION: The activation of NF-kappaB in vascular endothelium and type A synovial lining cells is a feature of synovial tissue from both RA and OA patients. The distribution of this staining appears to be related to the clinical diagnosis.
TL;DR: Both extracts show good antioxidant activity in the Rancimat test, especially in lard, and possess antioxidant properties that may make them useful in the food matrix.