Showing papers by "University of Melbourne published in 1981"
Book•
29 May 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the economic condition forming where natural environments and political systems meet is explained as a favoured interaction between them, contrasting with the frustrating pattern of their interplay in the Ottoman empire, India and China.
Abstract: Why did modern states and economies develop first in the peripheral and late-coming culture of Europe? This historical puzzle looms behind every study of industrialization and economic development. In this analytical and comparative work Eric Jones sees the economic condition forming where natural environments and political systems meet: Europe�s economic rise is explained as a favoured interaction between them, contrasting with the frustrating pattern of their interplay in the Ottoman empire, India and China. For the third edition Professor Jones has added a new Preface and Afterword.
637 citations
TL;DR: An ideal fission track dating method is defined as one where spontaneous and induced tracks with identical properties are measured under identical registration, etching and counting conditions as mentioned in this paper. But none of the strategies which have been used in fission-track dating meet these conditions for all materials and over the whole range of track densities.
600 citations
TL;DR: Fission track ages of apatites from volcaniclastic sandstones in several deep drill-holes in southern Victoria, Australia, decrease from 120 Myr near the surface to zero near the bottom of the deepest holes as mentioned in this paper.
502 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI) is a useful measure for researchers interested in development from early adolescence and in mapping changes as a function of life events.
Abstract: A new inventory for examining the first six of Erikson's psychosocial stages is described. The self-report questionnaire, developed in a pilot study of 97 adolescents and tested in a study of 622 adolescents, has 12 items for each subscale. Measures of reliability and validity are reported. It is concluded that the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI) is a useful measure for researchers interested in development from early adolescence and in mapping changes as a function of life events.
442 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that f(x ) is the expected eigenvalue distribution for every large randomly chosen labeled regular graph with degree v. It turns out that f (x)= v 4(v−1)−v 2 2 2π(v 2 −x 2 ) 0 for ∦ x ∦⩽2 v-1, unless √ x ∩⩾2 v −1, and f(X ) is a constant.
411 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a questionnaire designed to assess how group members subjectively perceive their own group position relative to salient outgroups on important "vitality" dimensions.
Abstract: Group ‘vitality’ was recently proposed as a framework for objectively categorizing ethnolinguistic groups in terms of their ability to behave as distinctive collective entities in intergroup settings (Giles, Bourhis & Taylor, 1977). ‘Objective’ accounts of group vitality using status, demographic and institutional support data gathered from secondary sources appear a useful tool for comparing ethnolinguistic groups in cross‐cultural research. This article describes a new questionnaire designed to assess how group members subjectively perceive their owngroup position relative to salient outgroups on important ‘vitality’ dimensions. Group members’ ‘subjective’ vitality perceptions may be as important in determining interethnic behaviours as the Group's objectively assessed vitality. The article includes a discussion of how ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ vitality information can be combined to better account for the dynamics of interethnic relations in multilingual and multicultural settings.
367 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions are generalized to a property, called K-invex, of a vector function in relation to a convex cone K. This leads to a new second order sufficient condition for a constrained minimum.
Abstract: If a certain weakening of convexity holds for the objective and all constraint functions in a nonconvex constrained minimization problem, Hanson showed that the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions are sufficient for a minimum. This property is now generalized to a property, called K-invex, of a vector function in relation to a convex cone K. Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions are obtained for a function f to be K-invex. This leads to a new second order sufficient condition for a constrained minimum.
337 citations
336 citations
TL;DR: The spontaneous modulation of phenotype of isolated smooth muscle cells can be inhibited by a confluent monolayer of contractile smooth muscle or endothelial cells in co-culture with the sparsely seeded smooth muscle such that the two cell layers are not in contact but bathed by the same nutrient medium.
326 citations
01 Feb 1981
TL;DR: In this article, simple approximate expressions are derived for the meniscus forces acting between spherical and cylindrical bodies at a fluid interface using a superposition approximation due to Nicolson (Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 26, 287 (1971)) for parallel cylinders (for B ≲ 10−1).
Abstract: Simple approximate expressions are derived for the meniscus forces acting between spherical and cylindrical bodies at a fluid interface using a superposition approximation due to Nicolson (Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 45, 288 (1949)). These expressions are correct to lowest order in the Bond number, B = (ϱB - ϱA)gR2/γAB, and are applicable to bodies that may be dissimilar in Bond number and wetting characteristics. Our results compare very favorably with the exact numerical calculations of Gifford and Scriven (Chem. Eng. Sci. 26, 287 (1971)) for parallel cylinders (for B ≲ 10−1). The small Bond number expressions derived herein are directly applicable to the interaction between particles of colloidal dimensions collected at fluid interfaces. Some sample calculations are given to illustrate the importance of capillary forces in interfacial coagulation processes. The extension of the theory to higher Bond number is discussed briefly.
314 citations
TL;DR: The abundance and distribution of Au, Pd, Ir, Cu, Co and Cr has been determined in mantle-derived spinel lherzolite xenoliths in basanites from Mt Porndon (Victoria, Australia) and Kilbourne Hole (New Mexico, U.S.A.) and in garnet lhersolites from the Matsoku and Thaba Putsoa kimberlites (Lesotho) as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The results indicate the usefulness of the two cell strains to elucidate further the molecular mechanisms of action of parathyroid hormone and prostaglandins.
Abstract: Certain metabolic properties of hormonally responsive osteogenic sarcoma cells derived from a transplantable rat tumor have been compared with those of related normal rat bone cells. All studies were carried out on cells grown in monolayer culture. Normal rat bone cells derived by repeated collagenase/trypsin digestion of newborn rat calvaria. Bone cells selected for comparison were thought to be osteoblast-like, as judged by enrichment of alkaline phosphatase and adenylate cyclase responsiveness to parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2. The adenylate cyclases of the two cell strains were similarly stimulated by a range of prostanoids and their metabolites and analogs. Morphology showed the two cell strains to be similar; the only obvious difference was a multilayering of cells in the sarcoma cultures, while the normal cultures showed abundant extracellular fibril formation which was not seen in the tumor cells. Investigation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase isoenzymes showed the presence of two forms in both cell types, one eluting at a low salt concentration and the other at a high salt concentration. There was approximately twice the amount of the first isoenzyme compared to the second isoenzyme. The results indicate the usefulness of the two cell strains to elucidate further the molecular mechanisms of action of parathyroid hormone and prostaglandins.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that ascent beneath the arc axial chain of a line of diapirs of MORB-source mantle interferes with processes of arc magma generation and arc magmatism wanes.
TL;DR: This paper measured eye fixation patterns made by adult French speakers while they read subject and object relative-clause sentences and found that initial fixations of constituents were similar for all structural types, except for a possible effect of word class within the relative clause.
TL;DR: Antidromic stimulation of single polymodal nociceptive C fibres in the rat's hind leg evoked a localized increase in vascular permeability of the skin as shown by the leakage of Evan's blue dye from the circulation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of calculating electrostatic energies in large, finite and arbitrarily shaped pieces of ionic crystal is analysed. And the role of surface layers in the bulk electrostatic energy, and the relation of this bulk energy to a shape-independent Madelung constant are discussed.
Abstract: The problem of calculating electrostatic energies in large, finite and arbitrarily shaped pieces of ionic crystal is analysed. The electrostatic energy of a unit cell of the crystal deep within the interior of the piece of crystal is shown to be composed of a shape-independent part depending on the structure of the crystal lattice concerned and the distribution of ions within a unit cell, and a shape-dependent part which depends on the shape of the piece of crystal and the dipole moment of a unit cell. The shape-dependent part is zero if this dipole moment is zero. The electrostatic energy of the whole piece of crystal is shown to be the unit cell energy multiplied by the number of unit cells in the piece of crystal, plus corrections proportional to the surface area of the piece of crystal. These surface corrections are calculated explicitly for a finite cube of simple cubic crystal. Different descriptions of the same crystal structure are shown to lead to different bulk energies. This disagreement is discussed for the CsCl lattice, and is shown to arise from the way the different descriptions of the lattice imply different surface structures on the surface of a cube of crystal. The energy of a test charge at the surface of a cube of simple cubic crystal, and then the energy of layers of charges on the surfaces of a cube of simple cubic crystal, are analysed. The analyses confirm the origin of the disagreement in bulk energies for the two descriptions of the CsCl lattice. The role of the energies of surface layers in the bulk electrostatic energy of a piece of ionic crystal, and the relation of this bulk energy to a shape-independent Madelung constant are discussed. Some conjectures on the role of bulk energies in surface reconstruction are also discussed.
TL;DR: The fetal sheep lung has a well‐developed airway system and alveolar network, in preparation for postnatal gas exchange, using histologic, morphometric, and ultrastructural techniques.
Abstract: In the sheep, fetal lung development proceeds to a later stage of maturity than in smaller laboratory animals. Of the four stages in pulmonary development recognizable in this species - embryologic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, and aveolar - the latter three are described in the present study using histologic, morphometric, and ultrastructural techniques. During the pseudoglandular stage, the major airways developed centrifugally. Cartilaginous, glandular, muscular, vascular, and neural elements were present in major airway walls from an early age. During the canalicular stage, volume expansion of the lung was accomplished by rapid growth of large terminal spaces. In the final stage, alveoli were formed following subdivision of the large terminal spaces by alveolar crests. The alveolar lining epithelium differentiated during the latter two stages producing a large increase in alveolar surface area, particularly during the alveolar stage; a large increase in pulmonary capillary surface area also accompanied alveolar development. Thus, just prior to birth, the fetal sheep lung has a well-developed air-way system and alveolar network, in preparation for postnatal gas exchange.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the results of theoretical and experimental investigations into the behavior in the instrument of some inelastic incompressible fluids, such as Bingham and Herschel−Bulkley fluids.
Abstract: The rheometry of highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids, especially those with the yield stress, currently requires sophisticated equipment. However, the parallel-plate plastometer, which can be made cheaply, has been found to be suitable for this application. At present there is no satisfactory theory for the behaviour of material in the instrument except for the Newtonian and power-law fluids. This paper reports the result of theoretical and experimental investigations into the behaviour in the instrument of some inelastic incompressible fluids. the yields stress can be derived from the limiting height measurement, thus providing a simple technique for measuring this fundamental fluid property. For Bingham and Herschel−Bulkley fluids, the rheological constant can be derived from the dynamic data. Experimental verification for Herschel−Bulkley fluids was carried out and good agreement was found with the theory.
TL;DR: While almost half as effective as kinetin in promoting expansion of cucumber cotyledons, BR was ineffective in cytokinin bioassays involving expansion of dwarf pea epicotyl hooks, dark synthesis of betacyanin in Amaranthus and retardation of Xanthium leaf disc senescence.
Abstract: Brassinolide (BR), a naturally-occurring steroidal lactone was compared with GA3 and kinetin for activity in a number of bioassays. BR was highly active in elongation bioassays employing the dwarf pea epicotyl and etiolated bean hypocotyl that are responsive to GA3 but not IAA (at 0.01 to 10 μM). The elongation of the cucumber hypocotyl elicited by BR and GA3 was reduced far more than that elicited by IAA, following removal of the cotyledons. BR, like GA3 also inhibited betacyanin accumulation in Amaranthus seedlings and prevented adventitious root initiation in hypocotyls of mung bean, dwarf bean and cucumber. Application of BR promoted rather than retarded senescence of Rumex leaves.
While almost half as effective as kinetin in promoting expansion of cucumber cotyledons, BR was ineffective in cytokinin bioassays involving expansion of dwarf pea epicotyl hooks, dark synthesis of betacyanin in Amaranthus and retardation of Xanthium leaf disc senescence. Unlike the case with IAA, BR does not interact synergistically with GA3. BR has proven active in promoting stem elongation in plant bioassays responsive to either IAA or GA3, or to both phytohormones. This effect, coupled to its effect on adventitious root formation, qualifies BR as a unique plant growth substance.
TL;DR: A field expedition mounted in late September/early October 1979 to investigate the structure and origin of the "morning glory" of the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia is described in this article.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of a field expedition mounted in late September/early October 1979 to investigate the structure and origin of the “morning glory” of the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia. The morning glory is a line wind squall, accompanied by a pressure jump, and often by a long roll-cloud or series of such clouds. It frequently occurs in the early morning, especially in October, in the Gulf area. A light aircraft, fitted with a temperature and humidity probe, was flown in two glories to determine their thermodynamic structure, and wind fields wore obtained principally by tracking pilot balloons using the double theodolite method. Data also were obtained from a network of surface stations, recording wind velocity and pressure, installed at locations across Cape York Peninsula, which is believed to be the area of genesis. The morning glory is identified as an internal undular bore propagating on the nocturnal and/or maritime inversion. Its origin appears to lie frequently ...
TL;DR: Using a synthetic oligonucleotide primer, cloned DNA fragments, each containing the entire coding sequence of rat relaxin, have been isolated from a clone ‘bank’ of ovarian mRNA sequences, demonstrating that relaxin is synthesized as a preprorelaxin molecule with an unexpectedly large connecting peptide of 105 amino acid residues.
Abstract: Using a synthetic oligonucleotide primer, cloned DNA fragments, each containing the entire coding sequence of rat relaxin, have been isolated from a clone ‘bank’ of ovarian mRNA sequences. The nucleotide sequence of these clones demonstrates that relaxin is synthesized as a preprorelaxin molecule with an unexpectedly large connecting peptide of 105 amino acid residues.
TL;DR: In this article, three studies reporting psychometric aspects of the Melbourne Curiosity Inventory concern descriptive statistical characteristics of the C-Trait and C-State scales, and the validity of the state-trait distinction for curiosity research.
Abstract: Theoretical relations between anxiety and curiosity have been suggested, and analogies have been drawn between the state-trait formulation in anxiety theory and research and a similar formulation in curiosity. Individual differences in the potential for curiosity experiences suggest a trait (C-Trait) formulation; while individual differences in curiosity experiences themselves (C-State) suggest a state formulation. Three studies reporting psychometric aspects of the Melbourne Curiosity Inventory concern descriptive statistical characteristics of the C-Trait and C-State scales, and the validity of the state-trait distinction for curiosity research. It is concluded that the scales have acceptable levels of reliability and validity to justify their use as research instruments.
TL;DR: A reconnaissance traverse across Victoria yields 160 K−Ar dates on igneous rocks from 94 localities as discussed by the authors, ranging from Early Ordovician (480 Ma) in the west to Late Devonian (360 Ma) among the high level intrusives of Central Victoria.
Abstract: A reconnaissance traverse across Victoria yields 160 K‐Ar dates on igneous rocks from 94 localities. These are supplemented by Rb‐Sr dating in critical cases, and major‐element analyses (some new) on a proportion of the samples. All dates quoted in text and tables, new and previously‐published, have been revised in terms of the latest decay‐constant conventions. The dates range from Early Ordovician (480 Ma) in the west to Late Devonian (360 Ma) among the high‐level intrusives of Central Victoria. The relatively complex age pattern, and the petrochemical character of the rocks, are compared with the published chronology of neighbouring States, and are interpreted in terms of a long‐duration regime of westwards compression, which began in the deformations of the Adelaide System of South Australia, and continued until the Mid‐Devonian Tabberabberan Movement.
TL;DR: In this article, a turbulent spot was artificially initiated at a point by a small intermittent wall jet and the formation of the spot was subsequently described in terms of three-dimensional disturbances of the cross-stream vortex filaments.
Abstract: From the results of a flow visualization experiment, certain physical characteristics of a turbulent spot are suggested by the authors. The spot was artificially initiated at a point by a small intermittent wall jet. The authors also carried out experiments behind vibrating trip wires and observed the ‘signatures’ or ‘footprints’ of the A-shaped vortices seen by other workers. The fact that these ‘signatures’ are also observed in a turbulent spot leads one to suspect that these spots consist essentially of an array of A-shaped vortices. The formation of the spot is subsequently described in terms of three-dimensional disturbances of the cross-stream vortex filaments.The basic structure of the turbulent spot proposed here is similar to the suggested structure of fully developed turbulent boundary layers first put forward by Theodorsen (1955) and more recently by Bandyopadhyay & Head (1979).
TL;DR: The entry of large amount of Ca2+ appears to trigger a sequence of events that results in cell destruction, and this may involve acidification of the cytosol due to the breakdown of ATP.
TL;DR: These two cell strains provide a useful means of analyzing postreceptor events in the hormonal regulation of bone cells, implying that only a fraction of cAMP is biologically significant.
Abstract: Hormonal activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been studied in cultured cells derived from a rat osteogenic sarcoma and in osteoblast-rich cells grown from newborn rat calvaria. Both cell strains contain adenylate cyclase activities which respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) and a variety of prostanoids. PTH, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2), and prostacyclin (PGI 2) were all capable of activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase (s) in suspensions of the two cell types. Activation was very rapid in all cases, being detectable at 10 sec and maximal between 30–60 sec. Using saturating concentrations of hormones, the protein kinase activity ratio remained elevated (between 0.6–0.9) for up to 35 min after the start of PGE 2 stimulation, but declined toward basal activity ratio 5–10 min after stimulation with PTH or PGI2. Each of the hormones caused a dose-dependent increase in activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in both cell types. Half-maximal activation of the enzyme occurred at 2 × 10 -9 M bovine ...
TL;DR: Evidence of substantial exudation by the proteoid roots of Lupinus albus is presented, indicating that phosphorus efficient plants have root morphology with multi-branched roots and localised regions of densely packed root hairs, which is better suited to the retention of substances exuded by the roots than uptake of substances moving to the root by diffusion.
Abstract: Current theories of phosphorus uptake by plants imply that they can augment diffusion to their root axes by the development of abundant root hairs or mycorrhizas. Some phosphorus efficient plants have root morphology with multi-branched roots and localised regions of densely packed root hairs, which we suggest is better suited to the retention of substances exuded by the roots than uptake of substances moving to the root by diffusion. Evidence of substantial exudation by the proteoid roots ofLupinus albus is presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the compositions of sterol, alcohol and ketone fractions from an oxic intertidal surface sediment from Corner Inlet have been examined by capillary gas chromatography mass spectrometry and related to the lipids of diatoms cultured from the sediment and to lipid of the seagrass Zostera muelleri.
TL;DR: This resistance to degradation shown by the cutin derived acids (α,ω-dibasic, ω-hydroxy and long-chain monobasic acids) relative to the cellular and wax derived lipids may allow these cutin components to be used as quantitative markers of A. marina in mangrove associated sediments.
TL;DR: Adrenaline in a higher concentration and NA in the presence of phenoxybenzamine enhanced the efflux, whereas NA had no effect, suggesting that neuronally released adrenaline activates prejunctional β‐adrenoceptors.
Abstract: 1 Adrenaline (10 nM) significantly enhanced the stimulation-induced efflux of radioactivity from rat atria previously incubated with [3H]-noradrenaline ([3H]-NA). This effect was abolished by metoprolol (.01 muM). 2 Adrenaline in a higher concentration (1 muM) and NA (1 muM) significantly reduced the stimulation-induced efflux of radioactivity. However, in the presence of phenoxybenzamine (10 muM), adrenaline (1 muM) enhanced the efflux, whereas NA (1 muM) had no effect. 3 In rat isolated atria pre-incubated with adrenaline and then incubated with NA, both catecholamines were taken up and were released by field stimulation. When pre-incubation was with adrenaline and incubation was with [3H]-NA, metoprolol decreased the stimulation-induced efflux of radioactivity. This effect did not occur if the atria were pre-incubated with NA instead of adrenaline, suggesting tht neuronally released adrenaline activates prejunctional beta-adrenoceptors. 4 In conscious rats, intravenously administered adrenaline (6.0 and 0.6 nmol/kg) was taken up and retained in the atria and could be released by field stimulation. The release was calcium-dependent from these rats up to 24 h after administration.