Showing papers by "University of Nevada, Reno published in 2001"
TL;DR: Mycotoxins have various acute and chronic effects on humans and animals depending on species and susceptibility of an animal within a species, and ruminants have, however, generally been more resistant to the adverse effects of mycotoxin.
1,542 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a meta analysis of the literature on forest management effects on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) is presented. But the results of the meta analysis are limited to coniferous species.
1,298 citations
TL;DR: Platelet-released sphingosine 1-phosphate, linked to Rac- and Rho-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement, may act late in angiogenesis to stabilize newly formed vessels, which often display abnormally increased vascular permeability.
Abstract: Substances released by platelets during blood clotting are essential participants in events that link hemostasis and angiogenesis and ensure adequate wound healing and tissue injury repair. We assessed the participation of sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), a biologically active phosphorylated lipid growth factor released from activated platelets, in the regulation of endothelial monolayer barrier integrity, which is key to both angiogenesis and vascular homeostasis. Sph-1-P produced rapid, sustained, and dose-dependent increases in transmonolayer electrical resistance (TER) across both human and bovine pulmonary artery and lung microvascular endothelial cells. This substance also reversed barrier dysfunction elicited by the edemagenic agent thrombin. Sph-1-P-mediated barrier enhancement was dependent upon G(ialpha)-receptor coupling to specific members of the endothelial differentiation gene (Edg) family of receptors (Edg-1 and Edg-3), Rho kinase and tyrosine kinase-dependent activation, and actin filament rearrangement. Sph-1-P-enhanced TER occurred in conjunction with Rac GTPase- and p21-associated kinase-dependent endothelial cortical actin assembly with recruitment of the actin filament regulatory protein, cofilin. Platelet-released Sph-1-P, linked to Rac- and Rho-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement, may act late in angiogenesis to stabilize newly formed vessels, which often display abnormally increased vascular permeability.
836 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a working definition of reverse logistics is developed, and a key reverse logistics management methodologies are discussed, as well as their benefits and the barriers to successful implementation.
Abstract: Managing reverse logistics is becoming an important element of supply chain management and, in some cases, a profit generating function. In this paper, reverse logistics activities and key reverse logistics management methodologies are discussed, as well as their benefits and the barriers to successful implementation. Economic and supply chain issues related to reverse logistics are examined, and a working definition of reverse logistics is developed.
785 citations
05 Nov 2001
TL;DR: It is proved OCB secure, quantifying the adversary's ability to violate the mode's privacy or authenticity in terms of the quality of its block cipher as a pseudorandom permutation (PRP) or as a strong PRP, respectively.
Abstract: We describe a parallelizable block-cipher mode of operation that simultaneously provides privacy and authenticity. OCB encrypts-and-authenticates a nonempty string M e {0,1} using \lceil |M|/n\rceil + 2 block-cipher invocations, where n is the block length of the underlying block cipher. Additional overhead is small. OCB refines a scheme, IAPM, suggested by Charanjit Jutla. Desirable properties of OCB include: the ability to encrypt a bit string of arbitrary length into a ciphertext of minimal length; cheap offset calculations; cheap session setup; a single underlying cryptographic key; no extended-precision addition; a nearly optimal number of block-cipher calls; and no requirement for a random IV. We prove OCB secure, quantifying the adversary's ability to violate the mode's privacy or authenticity in terms of the quality of its block cipher as a pseudorandom permutation (PRP) or as a strong PRP, respectively.
649 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide strategic and operational descriptions of each of the eight supply chain processes identified by members of The Global Supply Chain Forum, as well as illustrations of the interfaces among the processes and an example of how a process approach can be implemented within an organization.
Abstract: Increasingly, supply chain management is being recognized as the management of key business processes across the network of organizations that comprise the supply chain. While many have recognized the benefits of a process approach to managing the business and the supply chain, most are vague about what processes are to be considered, what sub‐processes and activities are contained in each process, and how the processes interact with each other and with the traditional functional silos. In this paper, we provide strategic and operational descriptions of each of the eight supply chain processes identified by members of The Global Supply Chain Forum, as well as illustrations of the interfaces among the processes and an example of how a process approach can be implemented within an organization. Our aim is to provide managers with a framework to be used in implementing supply chain management, instructors with material useful in structuring a supply chain management course, and researchers with a set of opportunities for further development of the field.
648 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a combination of commonly available equipment, simple recording with no source, a wavefield transformation data processing technique, and an interactive Rayleigh-wave dispersion modeling tool to estimate shallow shear velocities.
Abstract: Current techniques of estimating shallow shear velocities for assessment of earthquake site response are too costly for use at most construction sites. They require large sources to be effective in noisy urban settings or specialized independent recorders laid out in an extensive array. This work shows that microtremor noise recordings made on 200-m-long lines of seismic refraction equipment can estimate shear velocity with 20% accuracy, often to 100-m depths. The combination of commonly available equipment, simple recording with no source, a wavefield transformation data processing technique, and an interactive Rayleigh-wave dispersion modeling tool exploits the most effective aspects of the microtremor, spectral analysis of surface wave (SASW) and multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) techniques. The slowness-frequency wavefield transformation is particularly effective in allowing accurate picking of Rayleigh-wave phase-velocity dispersion curves despite the presence of waves propagating across the linear array at high apparent velocities, higher-mode Rayleigh waves, body waves, air waves, and incoherent noise. Two locations illustrate the application of this technique in detail: coincident with a large accelerometer microtremor array in Reno, Nevada; and atop a borehole logged for shear velocity in Newhall, California. Refraction equipment could duplicate microtremor results above 3 Hz but could not estimate velocities deeper than 100 m. Refraction microtremor cannot duplicate the detail in the velocity profile yielded by a suspension logger but can match the average velocity of 10- to 20-m depth intervals and suggest structure below the 100-m logged depth of the hole. Eight additional examples from southern California and New Zealand demonstrate that the refraction microtremor technique quickly produces good results from a wide range of hard and soft sites.
618 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a tree-ring chronology for Southern and Baja California extends the instrumental record and reveals decadal-scale variability back to 1661, and the reconstructed PDO index features a prominent bidecadal oscillation whose amplitude weakened in the late l700s to mid-1800s.
Abstract: Climate in the North Pacific and North American sectors has experienced interdecadal shifts during the twentieth century. A network of recently developed tree-ring chronologies for Southern and Baja California extends the instrumental record and reveals decadal-scale variability back to 1661. The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) is closely matched by the dominant mode of tree-ring variability that provides a preliminary view of multiannual climate fluctuations spanning the past four centuries. The reconstructed PDO index features a prominent bidecadal oscillation, whose amplitude weakened in the late l700s to mid-1800s. A comparison with proxy records of ENSO suggests that the greatest decadal-scale oscillations in Pacific climate between 1706 and 1977 occurred around 1750, 1905, and 1947.
537 citations
TL;DR: The fact that at least one prey species quickly learns to be wary of restored carnivores should negate fears about localized prey extinction.
Abstract: The current extinction of many of Earth's large terrestrial carnivores has left some extant prey species lacking knowledge about contemporary predators, a situation roughly parallel to that 10,000 to 50,000 years ago, when naive animals first encountered colonizing human hunters. Along present-day carnivore recolonization fronts, brown (also called grizzly) bears killed predator-naive adult moose at disproportionately high rates in Scandinavia, and moose mothers who lost juveniles to recolonizing wolves in North America's Yellowstone region developed hypersensitivity to wolf howls. Although prey that had been unfamiliar with dangerous predators for as few as 50 to 130 years were highly vulnerable to initial encounters, behavioral adjustments to reduce predation transpired within a single generation. The fact that at least one prey species quickly learns to be wary of restored carnivores should negate fears about localized prey extinction.
434 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a fractional-order governing equation was derived for the MADE plume at the Columbus Air Force Base in Missis-sippi, Mississippi, based on the heavy-tailed K distribution.
Abstract: The macrodispersion experiments (MADE) at the Columbus Air Force Base in Missis-sippi were conducted in a highly heterogeneous aquifer that violates the basic assumptions of local second-order theories. A governing equation that describes particles that undergo Levy motion, rather than Brownian motion, readily describes the highly skewed and heavy-tailed plume development at the MADE site. The new governing equation is based on a fractional, rather than integer, order of differentiation. This order (α), based on MADE plume measurements, is approximately 1.1. The hydraulic conductivity (K) increments also follow a power law of order α = 1.1. We conjecture that the heavy-tailed K distribution gives rise to a heavy-tailed velocity field that directly implies the fractional-order governing equation derived herein. Simple arguments lead to accurate estimates of the velocity and dispersion constants based only on the aquifer hydraulic properties. This supports the idea that the correct governing equation can be accurately determined before, or after, a contamin-ation event. While the traditional ADE fails to model a conservative tracer in the MADE aquifer, the fractional equation predicts tritium concentration profiles with remarkable accuracy over all spatial and temporal scales.
413 citations
TL;DR: A fractional advection-dispersion equation (ADE) is a generalization of the classical ADE in which the second-order derivative is replaced with a fractional- order derivative, and has solutions that resemble the highly skewed and heavy-tailed breakthrough curves observed in field and laboratory studies.
Book•
01 Jan 2001TL;DR: In this article, Bernoulli and Energy Equations of flow structures are used to analyze the acceleration of flow in pipes and flow over bodies: Drag and lift, respectively.
Abstract: 1 Introduction and Overview PART I Thermodynamics 2 Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 3 Properties of Pure Substances 4 Energy Transfer by Heat, Work, and Mass 5 The First Law of Thermodynamics 6 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 7 Entropy 8 Power and Refrigeration Cycles PART II Fluid Mechanics 9 Gas Mixtures and Psychrometrics 10 Properties of Fluids 11 Fluid Statics 12 Momentum Analysis of Flow Structures 13 Bernoulli and Energy Equations 14 Flow in Pipes 15 Flow Over Bodies: Drag and Lift Part III Heat Transfer 16 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer 17 Steady Heat Conduction 18 Transient Heat Conduction 19 Forced Convection 20 Natural Convection 21 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation 22 Radiation Heat Transfer 23 Heat Exchanges PART IIII Appendices Appendix 1 Property Tables and Charts (SI Units) Appendix 1 Property Tables and Charts (English Units) Appendix 3 Introduction to EES
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of long-wavelength (> 100 km), seasonal variability in continental water storage on vertical crustal motions are assessed, and the modeled vertical displace-ments (ARM) have root-mean-square (RMS) values for 1994-1998 as large as 8 mm, with ranges up to 30 mm, and are predominantly annual in character.
Abstract: The effects of long-wavelength (> 100 km), seasonal variability in continental water storage on vertical crustal motions are assessed. The modeled vertical displace- ments (ARM) have root-mean-square (RMS) values for 1994- 1998 as large as 8 mm, with ranges up to 30 mm, and are predominantly annual in character. Regional strains are on the order of 20 nanostrain for tilt and 5 nanostrain for hori- zontal deformation. We compare ArM with observed Global Positioning System (GPS) heights (Aro) (which include ad- justments to remove estimated effects of atmospheric pres- sure and annual tidal and non-tidal ocean loading) for 147 globally distributed sites. When the Aro time series are ad- justed by ArM, their variances are reduced, on average, by an amount equal to the variance of the ArM. Of the Aro time series exhibiting a strong annual signal, more than half
TL;DR: This review summarizes the widespread horticultural, botanical, and ecological literature pertaining to nut dispersal in Juglans, Carya, Quercus, Fagus, Castanae, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Corylus, Aesculus, andrunus to examine the evolutionary histories of these mutualistic interactions.
Abstract: A variety of nut-producing plants have mutualistic seed-dispersal interactions with animals (rodents and corvids) that scatter hoard their nuts in the soil. The goals of this review are to summarize the widespread horticultural, botanical, and ecological literature pertaining to nut dispersal inJuglans, Carya, Quercus, Fagus, Castanae, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Corylus, Aesculus, andPrunus; to examine the evolutionary histories of these mutualistic interactions; and to identify the traits of nut-bearing plants and nut-dispersing rodents and jays that influence the success of the mutualism. These interactions appear to have originated as early as the Paleocene, about 60 million years ago. Most nuts appear to have evolved from ancestors with wind-dispersed seeds, but the ancestral form of dispersal in almonds (Prunus spp.) was by frugivorous animals that ingested fruit.
TL;DR: This work has detected a global mode of Earth deformation that is predicted by theory, and identifies this pattern as the degree-one spherical harmonic response of an elastic Earth to increased winter loading of soil moisture, snow cover, and atmosphere.
Abstract: We have detected a global mode of Earth deformation that is predicted by theory. Precise positioning of Global Positioning System sites distributed worldwide reveals that during February to March, the Northern Hemisphere compresses (and the Southern Hemisphere expands), such that sites near the North Pole move downward by 3.0 millimeters, and sites near the equator are pulled northward by 1.5 millimeters. The opposite pattern of deformation occurs during August to September. We identify this pattern as the degree-one spherical harmonic response of an elastic Earth to increased winter loading of soil moisture, snow cover, and atmosphere. Data inversion shows the load moment's trajectory as a great circle traversing the continents, peaking at 6.9 x 10(22) kilogram meters near the North Pole in winter, indicating interhemispheric mass exchange of 1.0 x 10(16) +/- 0.2 x 10(16) kilograms.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate a cascade of ecological events that were triggered by the local extinction of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus) from the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
Abstract: Because most large, terrestrial mammalian predators have already been lost from more than 95-99% of the contiguous United States and Mexico, many ecological communities are either missing dominant selective forces or have new ones dependent upon humans. Such large-scale manipulations of a key element of most ecosystems offer unique opportunities to investigate how the loss of large carnivores affects communities, including the extent, if any, of interactions at different trophic levels. Here, we demonstrate a cascade of ecological events that were triggered by the local extinction of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and wolves (Canis lupus) from the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These include (1) the demographic eruption of a large, semi-obligate, riparian-dependent herbi- vore, the moose (Alces alces), during the past 150 yr; (2) the subsequent alteration of riparian vegetation structure and density by ungulate herbivory; and (3) the coincident reduction of avian neotropical migrants in the impacted willow communities. We contrasted three sites matched hydrologically and ecologically in Grand Teton National Park, Wyo- ming, USA, where grizzly bears and wolves had been eliminated 60-75 yr ago and moose densities were about five times higher, with those on national forest lands outside the park, where predation by the two large carnivores has been replaced by human hunting and moose densities were lower. Avian species richness and nesting density varied inversely with moose abundance, and two riparian specialists, Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) and MacGillivray's Warblers (Oporornis tolmiei), were absent from Park riparian systems where moose densities were high. Our findings not only offer empirical support for the top-down effect of large carnivores in terrestrial communities, but also provide a scientific rationale for restoration options to conserve biological diversity. To predict future impacts, whether overt or subtle, of past management, and to restore biodiversity, more must be known about ecological interactions, including the role of large carnivores. Restoration options with respect to the system that we studied in the southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem are simple: (1) do nothing and accept the erosion of biological diversity, (2) replace natural carnivores with human predation, or (3) allow continued dispersal of grizzly bears and wolves into previously occupied, but now vacant, habitat. Although additional science is required to further our understanding of this and other terrestrial systems, a larger con- servation challenge remains: to develop public support for ecologically rational conser- vation options.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the issue using panel data at the provincial level in the period of 1986-1997 and found that increased levels of FDI positively affect provincial manufacturing export performance.
TL;DR: It is proposed that reproductive mode is a critically important factor influencing the type of genetic benefits that females gain by mating with more than one male, and that development of the embryo within the female makes polyandry for incompatibility avoidance far more important for viviparous females than for females that lay eggs.
TL;DR: Evidence that functions of FAK and c-Src protein kinases are closely intertwined is discussed as well as evidence that focal adhesion proteins mediate key signal transduction events that regulate actin remodeling and contraction.
Abstract: Smooth muscle cells are able to adapt rapidly to chemical and mechanical signals impinging on the cell surface. It has been suggested that dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton contribute to th...
TL;DR: The prefix “Robo” (from ROdent-BOrne) seems to be more appropriate for the viruses constituting the genus Hantavirus 2, as humans are usually naive towards hantaviruses as antigens, that results in sometime dramatic immunological “excesses” leading to high mortality of known hantvirus-caused diseases.
Abstract: Unlike other members of the Bunyaviridae family, which must be regarded as arboviruses1, hantaviruses are not transmitted by arthropod vectors, and are exclusively maintained in the populations of their specific rodent hosts. Thus, the prefix “Robo” (from ROdent-BOrne) seems to be more appropriate for the viruses constituting the genus Hantavirus 2. Each of the over 20 currently recognized hantavirus species is predominantly associated with one (or a few closely related) specific rodent species in which it establishes persistent infection. The fact that rodents, or more specifically, rodents alone, constitute the entire host range within which hantaviruses evolve, has several important consequences: (a) Distinctive characteristics of different hantaviruses are formed as adaptations to the distinct genetic environment of their rodent hosts; (b) Contemporary distribution of distinct hantaviruses reflects complicated history of co-speciation events and rodents’ migrations (the most recent extensive rodent migrations were caused by the sequence of several glaciation and deglaciation events in the northern hemisphere). This forms a basis for the circulation of distinct hantaviruses on different continents, their co-existence in some geographic regions, and geographical clustering of hantavirus genetic variants; (c) As a general rule, humans are merely evolutionary “dead-end” hosts for hantaviruses, and thus, human epidemics do not contribute to virus evolutionary process3. As humans are usually naive towards hantaviruses as antigens, that results in sometime dramatic immunological “excesses” leading to high mortality of known hantavirus-caused diseases, severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) (up to 10–12%) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) (up to 40–50%).
TL;DR: The focus throughout the treatment is facilitating the client's movement toward a more valued and personally fulfilling life, in a context in which previously obstructive unpleasant emotions no longer serve as obstructions.
Abstract: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) offers an alternative to traditional psychotherapies designed to regulate affect. ACT is based on the premise that normal cognitive processes distort and enhance the experience of unpleasant emotion, leading clients to engage in problematic behaviors designed to avoid or attenuate those unpleasant emotions. Such avoidant behavior patterns can hinder and prevent client movement toward valued goals and place the client in harmful situations. Rather than working to change cognitions or decrease levels of emotion, the ACT approach involves the client directly experiencing problematic emotions in a context in which the literal functions of language enhancing the negative implications of those emotions are stripped away. The focus throughout the treatment is facilitating the client's movement toward a more valued and personally fulfilling life, in a context in which previously obstructive unpleasant emotions no longer serve as obstructions. A case study is provided to illustrate some of ACT's core techniques.
TL;DR: The fate of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is studied, indicating that CFTR resides in the ER and is stabilized in strains defective for proteasome activity or deleted for the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes Ubc6p and Ubc7p, thus demonstrating thatCFTR is a bona fide ERAD substrate in yeast.
Abstract: Membrane and secretory proteins fold in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and misfolded proteins may be retained and targeted for ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). To elucidate the mechanism by which an integral membrane protein in the ER is degraded, we studied the fate of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our data indicate that CFTR resides in the ER and is stabilized in strains defective for proteasome activity or deleted for the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes Ubc6p and Ubc7p, thus demonstrating that CFTR is a bona fide ERAD substrate in yeast. We also found that heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), although not required for the degradation of soluble lumenal ERAD substrates, is required to facilitate CFTR turnover. Conversely, calnexin and binding protein (BiP), which are required for the proteolysis of ER lumenal proteins in both yeast and mammals, are dispensable for the degradation of CFTR, suggesting unique mechanisms for the disposal of at least some soluble and integral membrane ERAD substrates in yeast.
TL;DR: Indicators and measures that lend themselves to the pooling of data across counties and states are suggested, with special emphasis on systems, environment, and public policy change within organizations at the community and state levels.
TL;DR: Crassulacean acid metabolism is an important elaboration of photosynthetic carbon fixation that allows chloroplast-containing cells to fix CO2initially at night using phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase in the cytosol.
Abstract: Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is an important elaboration of photosynthetic carbon fixation that allows chloroplast-containing cells to fix CO2initially at night using phospho enol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) in the cytosol. This leads to the formation of C4 organic acids (usually malate),
TL;DR: The major transport mechanisms and compartments that are utilized for Ca(2+) handling in smooth muscles are described, which can provide feedback to cell excitability and affect Ca( 2+) entry.
Abstract: The concentration of cytoplasmic Ca2+ regulates the contractile state of smooth muscle cells and tissues. Elevations in global cytoplasmic Ca2+ resulting in contraction are accomplished by Ca2+ entry and release from intracellular stores. Pathways for Ca2+ entry include dihydropyridine-sensitive and -insensitive Ca2+ channels and receptor and store-operated nonselective channels permeable to Ca2+. Intracellular release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is accomplished by ryanodine and inositol trisphosphate receptors. The impact of Ca2+ entry and release on cytoplasmic concentration is modulated by Ca2+ reuptake into the SR, uptake into mitochondria, and extrusion into the extracellular solution. Highly localized Ca2+ transients (i.e., sparks and puffs) regulate ionic conductances in the plasma membrane, which can provide feedback to cell excitability and affect Ca2+entry. This short review describes the major transport mechanisms and compartments that are utilized for Ca2+ handling in smooth muscles.
TL;DR: Cloned genes encoding early steps in the biosynthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the precursor of all isoprenoids, including carotenoids, as well as two genes required for plastid division are examined.
Abstract: Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower petals synthesize and accumulate carotenoids at levels greater than 20 times that in leaves and provide an excellent model system to investigate the molecular biology and biochemistry of carotenoid biosynthesis in plants. In addition, marigold cultivars exist with flower colors ranging from white to dark orange due to ?100-fold differences in carotenoid levels, and presumably similar changes in carbon flux through the pathway. To examine the expression of carotenoid genes in marigold petals, we have cloned the majority of the genes in this pathway and used these to assess their steady-state mRNA levels in four marigold cultivars with extreme differences in carotenoid content. We have also cloned genes encoding early steps in the biosynthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), the precursor of all isoprenoids, including carotenoids, as well as two genes required for plastid division. Differences among the marigold varieties in the expression of these genes suggest that differences in mRNA transcription or stability underlie the vast differences in carotenoid synthesis and accumulation in the different marigold varieties.
TL;DR: In this article, an npq1 lut2 double mutant was constructed, which lacks both zeaxanthin and lutein due to defects in the violax-anthin de-epoxidase and lycopene ∈-cyclase genes.
Abstract: When light absorption by a plant exceeds its capacity for light utilization, photosynthetic light harvesting is rapidly downregulated by photoprotective thermal dissipation, which is measured as nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ). To address the involvement of specific xanthophyll pigments in NPQ, we have analyzed mutants affecting xanthophyll metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. An npq1 lut2 double mutant was constructed, which lacks both zeaxanthin and lutein due to defects in the violaxanthin de-epoxidase and lycopene ∈-cyclase genes. The npq1 lut2 strain had normal Photosystem II efficiency and nearly wild-type concentrations of functional Photosystem II reaction centers, but the rapidly reversible component of NPQ was completely inhibited. Despite the defects in xanthophyll composition and NPQ, the npq1 lut2 mutant exhibited a remarkable ability to tolerate high light.
TL;DR: High voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels of the Ca(V)1.2 class (L-type) are crucial for excitation-contraction coupling in both cardiac and smooth muscle and recent evidence regarding the regulation of these channels by protein tyrosine kinases, calmodulin-dependent kinase, purified G protein subunits, and identification of possible amino acid residues of the channel responsible for kinase regulation is discussed.
Abstract: High voltage-activated Ca2+ channels of the CaV1.2 class (L-type) are crucial for excitation-contraction coupling in both cardiac and smooth muscle. These channels are regulated by a variety of sec...
TL;DR: This work focuses on gene expression analysis following exposure of plants to high salinity, using salt-shock experiments to mimic stresses that affect hydration and ion homeostasis and generates insertional mutants that affect stress tolerance in several organisms.