Showing papers by "University of Western Ontario published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors extend the internalization approach to the theory of the multinational enterprise to include an expanded role for equity joint ventures, and explain why joint ventures may sometimes be preferred over wholly owned subsidiaries.
Abstract: This paper extends the internalization approach to the theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE) to include an expanded role for equity joint ventures. Using the transaction cost paradigm of Williamson, this paper explains why joint ventures may sometimes be preferred over wholly owned subsidiaries. Also presented is empirical work on joint-venture performance in developing countries which demonstrates that under certain conditions joint ventures can be the optimal mode of foreign direct investment.
723 citations
TL;DR: This paper provides exact power contours to guide the planning of reliability studies, where the parameter of interest is the coefficient of intraclass correlation rho derived from a one-way analysis of variance model.
Abstract: This paper provides exact power contours to guide the planning of reliability studies, where the parameter of interest is the coefficient of intraclass correlation rho derived from a one-way analysis of variance model. The contours display the required numbers of subjects k and number of repeated measurements n that provide 80 per cent power for testing Ho: rho less than or equal to rho 0 versus H1: rho greater than rho 0 at the 5 per cent level of significance for selected values of rho o. We discuss the design considerations of these results.
642 citations
TL;DR: This paper developed a model with asymmetrically informed agents and costly monitoring of loan contracts, where an equilibrium can exhibit credit rationing, and the aggregate quantity of loans and equilibrium interest rates respond differently depending on whether there is rationing in equilibrium.
Abstract: This paper develops a model with asymmetrically informed agents and costly monitoring of loan contracts, where an equilibrium can exhibit credit rationing. Borrowers are identical ex ante, but some receive loans and others do not. In contrast to existing credit rationing theories, rationing does not occur here due to inflexible prices, adverse selection or moral hazard. Optimizing behaviour produces a standard debt contract in equilibrium. The aggregate quantity of loans and equilibrium interest rates respond differently depending on whether there is rationing in equilibrium.
597 citations
TL;DR: The studies suggest that the mechanism may be a fundamental defect, still unknown, which causes dysfunction of all organ systems in this syndrome, and indicates that survivors recovered from the polyneuropathy three to six months following discharge.
Abstract: Nineteen patients developed polyneuropathy complicating critical illness. They had been admitted to a critical care unit following intubation for cardiac or pulmonary disease and had developed sepsis and multiple organ failure. Approximately one month following intubation, failure to wean from the ventilator and limb weakness prompted neurological referral. Examination disclosed weakness and wasting of muscles and impaired tendon reflexes in most, but not all, patients. Electrophysiological studies in 17 patients revealed attenuated compound muscle and sensory nerve action potential amplitudes and widespread denervation on needle electromyography. Autopsy in 9 patients who died of their critical illness revealed widespread primary axonal degeneration of motor and sensory fibres, with extensive denervation atrophy of limb and respiratory muscles. Survivors recovered from the polyneuropathy three to six months following discharge. Seventeen of the patients were segregated by electrophysiological criteria into mild (8) and severe (9) polyneuropathy categories. An analysis of these two groups failed to reveal putative metabolic, drug, nutritional or toxic factors that might be responsible for the polyneuropathy. Our studies suggest that the mechanism may be a fundamental defect, still unknown, which causes dysfunction of all organ systems in this syndrome.
543 citations
TL;DR: Three dimensional graphic displays showed that, despite considerable group variability in medial-lateral GRF-time histories, consistency was evident in the patterns of individuals across speeds, and right-left asymmetries were clearly shown in these displays.
444 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, training in self-management was given to 20 unionized state government employees to increase their attendance at the work site, and the results showed that the higher the perceived self-efficacy, the better the subsequent job attendance.
Abstract: Training in self-management was given to 20 unionized state government employees to increase their attendance at the work site. Analyses of variance revealed that compared to a control condition (n = 20), training in self-regulatory skills taught employees how to manage personal and social obstacles to job attendance, and it raised their perceived self-efficacy that they could exercise influence over their behavior. Consequently, employee attendance was significantly higher in the training than in the control group. The higher the perceived self-efficacy, the better the subsequent job attendance. These data were significant at the .05 level.
395 citations
Book•
01 Sep 1987TL;DR: A Developmental Perspective of the Abused Child Unraveling the causes of child maltreatment as discussed by the authors, and Multidimensional Influences Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Child Maltreatment.
Abstract: What Is Child Maltreatment? Normal and Abnormal Child-Rearing Patterns A Developmental Perspective of the Abused Child Unraveling the Causes I Theory and Background Unraveling the Causes II Multidimensional Influences Prevention and Treatment Strategies
369 citations
TL;DR: Results of this study clearly demonstrate the local control of tight junction biogenesis in brain capillary endothelial cells depends on: (1) an astrocyte-produced factor(s), and (2) a 'competent' (cell-produced) extracellular matrix.
358 citations
TL;DR: Fractal concepts have attracted substantial popular attention in the past few years as discussed by the authors, and many of the applications continue to be concerned with spatial phenomena, such as measure to scale, self-similarity, and recursive subdivision of space.
Abstract: Fractal concepts have attracted substantial popular attention in the past few years. The key ideas originated in studies of map data, and many of the applications continue to be concerned with spatial phenomena. We review the relevance of fractals to geography under three headings; the response of measure to scale, self-similarity, and the recursive subdivision of space. A fractional dimension provides a means of characterizing the effects of cartographic generalization and of predicting the behavior of estimates derived from data that are subject to spatial sampling. The self-similarity property of fractal surfaces makes them useful as initial or null hypothesis landscapes in the study of geomorphic processes. A wide variety of spatial phenomena have been shown to be statistically self-similar over many scales, suggesting the importance of scale-independence as a geographic norm. In the third area, recursive subdivision is shown to lead to novel and efficient ways of representing spatial data in...
354 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider an auction in which bidders can enter upon paying an entry cost, and the seller should not impose a reserve price higher than his own valuation.
343 citations
TL;DR: In a first-price sealed-bid auction with risk-neutral bidders, the optimal auction is the same whether or not the bidderers know who their competitors are as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Three-dimensional models for the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and the internal feedback loop of the saccadic system are developed and a multiplicative feedback system is described that solves these problems and generates fixed-axis saccades that accord with Listing's law.
Abstract: 1. This paper develops three-dimensional models for the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and the internal feedback loop of the saccadic system. The models differ qualitatively from previous, one-dimensional versions, because the commutative algebra used in previous models does not apply to the three-dimensional rotations of the eye. 2. The hypothesis that eye position signals are generated by an eye velocity integrator in the indirect path of the VOR must be rejected because in three dimensions the integral of angular velocity does not specify angular position. Computer simulations using eye velocity integrators show large, cumulative gaze errors and post-VOR drift. We describe a simple velocity to position transformation that works in three dimensions. 3. In the feedback control of saccades, eye position error is not the vector difference between actual and desired eye positions. Subtractive feedback models must continuously adjust the axis of rotation throughout a saccade, and they generate meandering, dysmetric gaze saccades. We describe a multiplicative feedback system that solves these problems and generates fixed-axis saccades that accord with Listing's law. 4. We show that Listing's law requires that most saccades have their axes out of Listing's plane. A corollary is that if three pools of short-lead burst neurons code the eye velocity command during saccades, the three pools are not yoked, but function independently during visually triggered saccades. 5. In our three-dimensional models, we represent eye position using four-component rotational operators called quaternions. This is not the only algebraic system for describing rotations, but it is the one that best fits the needs of the oculomotor system, and it yields much simpler models than do rotation matrix or other representations. 6. Quaternion models predict that eye position is represented on four channels in the oculomotor system: three for the vector components of eye position and one inversely related to gaze eccentricity and torsion. 7. Many testable predictions made by quaternion models also turn up in models based on other mathematics. These predictions are therefore more fundamental than the specific models that generate them. Among these predictions are 1) to compute eye position in the indirect path of the VOR, eye or head velocity signals are multiplied by eye position feedback and then integrated; consequently 2) eye position signals and eye or head velocity signals converge on vestibular neurons, and their interaction is multiplicative.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The treatment of needs in assessing economic equity is a subject that arouses strong feelings as discussed by the authors, and very different approaches have been adopted in the study of this subject; there are those who regard differences in needs as sufficient grounds for rejecting any analysis of income inequality, since the people concerned may have quite different needs.
Abstract: The treatment of needs in assessing economic equity is a subject that arouses strong feelings. Very different approaches have been adopted in the study of this subject. There are those who regard differences in needs as sufficient grounds for rejecting any analysis of income inequality. For them to try to compare one distribution of income, Y1,…, Y h with another, Y1*,…, Y h *, is without meaning, since the people concerned may have quite different needs. ‘Welfare’ depends not just on income but also on other dimensions. Precisely what other dimensions we should take into account is open to debate, but most people would agree on certain factors such as health, handicap, age or family size. Arrow gives the example of ‘the haemophiliac who needs about $4,000 worth per annum of coagulant therapy to arrive at a state of security from bleeding at all comparable to that of the normal person’, an example he contrasts with the ‘facetious’ one of a person who is ‘desperate without pre-phylloxera clarets and plovers’ eggs’ (1973, p. 254).
TL;DR: In this article, the results of electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy point analyses were obtained from Lower Moose Lake in the Onaping region near Sudbury, Canada.
TL;DR: A taxonomy of GIS spatial analysis operations is presented together with a generic data model and discussion of storage methods is organized around the raster versus vector debate and the need to represent two spatial dimensions in one.
Abstract: The field of geographical information systems (GIS) is reviewed from the viewpoint of spatial analysis which is the key component of the familiar four-part model of input, storage, analysis and output Input is constrained by the limits of manual methods and problems of ambiguity in scanning. The potential for developments in output is seen to be limited to the query mode of GIS operation, and to depend on abandoning the cartographic model. Discussion of storage methods is organized around the raster versus vector debate and the need to represent two spatial dimensions in one. A taxonomy of GIS spatial analysis operations is presented together with a generic data model. Prospects for implementation are discussed and seen to depend on appropriate scales of organization in national and international academic research.
TL;DR: This article reviews the recent advances in the measurement of pain in children, with special emphasis on the methods that satisfy the criteria for reliability and validity, the methods That may be appropriate for assessing all types of acute, recurrent, and chronic pediatric pain.
Abstract: Research on the assessment and management of pain in infants and children has increased dramatically, with the consequence that a wide variety of behavioral, physiological, and psychological methods are now available for measuring pediatric pain. Although the criteria for a pain measure for children are identical to those required for any measuring instrument, special problems exist in pediatric pain measurement because the influence of developmental factors, previous pain experience, and parental attitudes on children's perceptions and expressions of pain is not known. This article reviews the recent advances in the measurement of pain in children, with special emphasis on the methods that satisfy the criteria for reliability and validity, the methods that can be used to assess multiple dimensions of pain, and the methods that may be appropriate for assessing all types of acute, recurrent, and chronic pediatric pain.
TL;DR: In this article, a metacognitive model was proposed as an explanatory framework for spontaneous strategy use, including specific strategy knowledge, metamemory acquisition procedures, general strategy knowledge and attributional beliefs.
TL;DR: Two types of stable protein-DNA complexes, or transpososomes, are generated in vitro during the Mu DNA strand transfer reaction, creating a figure eight-shaped molecule with two independent topological domains.
TL;DR: It is found the variable of mastery, or sense of personal control, to be by far the most powerful predictor of distress among family members, and the presence of some patients tends to be associated with substantial psychological costs for some families.
TL;DR: To examine the role played by the basal forebrain cholinergic system in cortical activation, neuronal activity was investigated in the globus pallidus and substantia innominata of urethane-anaesthetized rats during large cortical slow waves and spontaneous or elicited low voltage fast activity.
TL;DR: The results show that blockade of cerebral activation produces a condition analogous to global dementia but does not produce sleep or coma, and the hypothesis that cholinergic and serotonergic neurotransmission provides a basis for learning and memory is discussed critically.
TL;DR: It is shown that egg viability declines during the period of egg laying if eggs remain unincubated, and it is suggested that early nest attendance may slow the rate of decline in viability.
Abstract: Waterfowl begin incubating their eggs before the clutch is completed. No current hypotheses can explain this phenomenon. We show that egg viability declines during the period of egg laying if eggs remain unincubated, and we suggest that early nest attendance may slow the rate of decline in viability. We then develop the hypothesis that declining egg viability associated with delayed incubation plays an important role in determining the most productive clutch size in temperate-breeding waterfowl. The benefit of laying additional eggs is offset by the reduced value of the first-laid eggs, which suffer lowered viability and greater risk of predation. Our model combining egg viability and the risks of egg predation can account for most of the selection pressure determining clutch size in prairie ducks.
TL;DR: Results provide evidence of limbic influences on locomotor activity by way of nucleus accumbens-subpallidal-pedunculopontine nucleus connections which may contribute to adaptive behaviour and suggest D2 receptors regulate locomotor responses initiated by the hippocampal-accumbens pathway.
TL;DR: This paper investigated the nature of second language (French) skills lost by grade 12 students over the course of the summer vacation, and the role played by attitudes and motivation in promoting language achievement and language maintenance.
Abstract: This study investigated the nature of second language (French) skills lost by grade 12 students over the course of the summer vacation, and the role played by attitudes and motivation in promoting language achievement and language maintenance. The results demonstrated that students rated many of their skills somewhat weaker after the summer vacation, but these effects were more general for items dealing with understanding skills than for speaking skills, and somewhat intermediate for reading and writing skills. Comparisons on objective assessments appeared to indicate improvement over the summer months on some skills, except for grammatical accuracy, that decreased, but these were interpreted as quite probably reflecting measurement artifacts. Although the attitude and motivation measures correlated quite meaningfully with the various measures of French proficiency, they did not correlate with loss of skill as indexed by simple change scores. A causal modelling analysis indicated nonetheless that attitude...
TL;DR: The dynamics of granule formation were studied using cells from two bench-scale UASB Reactors to elucidate factors which influence formation and maintenance of highly active self-agglomerated microbial biomass.
TL;DR: Comparison of purified RH and RNH LHCII indicated no significant differences with respect to polypeptide, amino acid, Chl, and carotenoid compositions as well as no differences in lipid content, however, RH LHC II differed from RNHLHCII specifically with respectto the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyldiacylglycerol only.
Abstract: Light harvesting complex II (LHCII) was purified from cold-hardened (RH) and nonhardened winter rye (RNH) (Secale cereale L. cv Puma) employing a modified procedure of JJ Burke, CL Ditto, CJ Arntzen (Arch Biochem Biophys 187: 252-263). Triton X-100 solubilization of thylakoid membranes followed by three successive precipitations with 100 mm KCl and 10 mm MgCl2 resulted in yields of up to 25% on a chlorophyll (Chl) basis and a purity of 90 to 95%, based on polypeptide analysis within 4 hours. Polypeptide and pigment analyses, 77 K fluorescence emission and room temperature absorption spectra indicate the LHCII obtained by this modified method is comparable to LHCII obtained by other published methods. Comparison of purified RH and RNH LHCII indicated no significant differences with respect to polypeptide, amino acid, Chl, and carotenoid compositions as well as no differences in lipid content. However, RH LHCII differed from RNH LHCII specifically with respect to the fatty acid composition of phosphatidyldiacylglycerol only. RH LHCII exhibited a 54% lower trans-Δ3-hexadecenoic acid level associated with PG and a 60% lower oligomeric LHCII:monomeric LHCII (LHCII1:LHCII3) than RNH LHCII. Both RH and RNH LHCII exhibited a 5-fold enrichment in PG specifically. Complete removal of PG by enzymic hydrolysis resulted in a significant reduction in the oligomeric content of both RH and RNH LHCII such that LHCII1:LHCII3 of RH and RNH LHCII preparations were the same. This confirms that this specific compositional change accounts for the structural differences between RH and RNH LCHII observed in situ and in vitro.