Showing papers by "Wayne State University published in 1980"
01 Jan 1980
TL;DR: The distribution of rewards and resources is a universal phenomenon that occurs in social systems of all sizes, from small groups to whole societies (Parsons, 1951; Parsons, Shils, & Olds, 1951) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The distribution of rewards and resources is a universal phenomenon that occurs in social systems of all sizes, from small groups to whole societies (Parsons, 1951; Parsons, Shils, & Olds, 1951). All groups, organizations, and societies deal with the question of allocating rewards, punishments, and resources. The manner in which a social system deals with these issues has great impact on its effectiveness and on the satisfaction of its members. For these reasons, it is not surprising that social scientists from many disciplines—political scientists, economists, sociologists, and psychologists—have been concerned with the problem of allocation (e.g., Jones & Kaufman, 1974; Leventhal, 1976a; Pondy, 1970).
2,418 citations
1,007 citations
TL;DR: The data strongly suggest that patients treated with 5000 or 6000 rad have a better response, tumor control, and survival rate than those receiving lower doses, however, additional followup of patients at risk in each group will be necessary before a final conclusion is drawn.
Abstract: Preliminary analysis is presented of a prospective randomized study involving 365 patients with histologically proven unresectable non-oat-cell carcinoma of the lung treated with definitive radiotherapy. The patients were randomized to one of four treatment regimens: 4000 rad split course (2000 rad in five fractions one week, two weeks rest, and an additional 2000 rad in five fractions in one week) or 4000, 5000, or 6000-rad continuous courses in five fractions per week. Ninety to 100 patients were accessioned to each group. The one-year survival rate is 50% and the two-year survival rate, 25%. The patients treated with the split course have the lowest survival rate (10% at two years) in comparison with the other groups (range = 20–25%). The complete and partial local regression of tumor was 49% in patients treated with 4000 rad and 55% in the groups treated with 5000 and 6000 rad. For patients who achieved complete regression of the tumor following irradiation, the two-year survival rate is 40%, in contrast to 20% for those with partial regression, and no survivors among the patients with stable or progressive disease. The incidence of intrathoracic recurrence was 33% for patients treated with 6000 rad, 39% for those receiving 5000 rad, and 44–49% for those treated with a 4000-rad split or continuous course. At present, the data strongly suggest that patients treated with 5000 or 6000 rad have a better response, tumor control, and survival rate than those receiving lower doses. However, additional followup of patients at risk in each group will be necessary before a final conclusion is drawn. Patients with high performance status (Kornofsky index higher than 70), or with tumors in earlier stages (T1N2 or T3N0) have a two-year survival rate of approximately 40%, in comparison with 20% for other patients. The various irradiation regimens have been well tolerated, with complications being slightly higher in the 4000-rad split course group (10 severe and 2 life-threatening) and in the 6000-rad continuous course group (9 severe and 4 life-threatening). The most frequent complications have been pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and dysphagia due to transient esophagitis. Further investigation will be necessary before the optimal management of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma by irradiation is established.
418 citations
TL;DR: In vitro translation of mRNA selected hybridization by a DNA segment specific to lambda DmA2 suggests that this particular gene codes for one of the cytoplasmic actin polypeptides.
399 citations
TL;DR: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia were diminished by neuroleptics and increased by amphetamine and accounted for most of the change seen in the total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and new ideas about the role of dopamine in schizophrenia are discussed.
Abstract: Positive symptoms of schizophrenia were diminished by neuroleptics and increased by amphetamine and accounted for most of the change seen in the total Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Negative symptoms in the same subjects were not affected by neuroleptics but increased after amphetamines to a degree that just attained statistical significance. This increase was due to one item (emotional withdrawal) of the negative symptom factor which responded to neuroleptics and amphetamines as did positive symptoms. These findings are discussed with respect to new ideas about the role of dopamine in schizophrenia.
340 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that in patchy environments of the proper scale and variability in quality, labile sexual expression will enhance an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation.
Abstract: Evidence is presented that individuals of a large number of dioecious and subdioecious plant species are able to alter their sexual state in response to changes in the ambient environment and/or changes in size or age. We suggest that lability of sexual expression probably has survival value where a significant portion of the females must otherwise bear the cost of fruit production in unfavorable environments. We demonstrate that in patchy environments of the proper scale and variability in quality, labile sexual expression will enhance an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation.
329 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is reported suggesting that PA, which is formed during the reaction sequence of the phospholipid effect, may directly mediate the inward movement of Ca that results from activation of surface membrane receptors.
Abstract: There has recently been renewed interest in a previously observed phenomenon1 whereby hormones and neurotransmitters alter the rate of incorporation of 32P-phosphate into phospholipids, specifically, phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidic acid (PA)2 This has arisen from a theory formulated by Michell and coworkers which postulates that this ‘phospholipid effect’ is in some way intimately involved in the mechanism by which certain neurotransmitters and hormones activate membrane Ca gates2–5 However, although Michell's observations are consistent with a phospholipid involvement probably somewhere between receptor occupation and Ca gating, they do not suggest what the specific role of the phospholipids in the Ca gating mechanism might be Recently, Salmon and Honeyman suggested6 that the critical event may be the net formation of PA following the net breakdown of PI which occurs in pancreas7, platelets8 and smooth muscle6,9 PA has been shown to behave as a Ca ionophore in a Pressman chamber10, and thus it is possible that an increase in PA concentration in cellular membranes might increase the Ca permeability of those membranes (see also ref 5) In the rat parotid, receptors associated with Ca gating (muscarinic, α-adrenergic and substance P) show a phospholipid effect whereas β-adrenergic receptors (which act on adenylate cyclase) do not11,12 The phospholipid effect is Ca independent, and is not produced by the divalent cationophore A23187 (refs 11,12) Also, an easily quantifiable response of this tissue (K efflux measured as release of 86Rb) is absolutely dependent on the concentration of external Ca (ref 13) and, by inference, on the magnitude of Ca influx14 We report here evidence suggesting that PA, which is formed during the reaction sequence of the phospholipid effect, may directly mediate the inward movement of Ca that results from activation of surface membrane receptors
318 citations
TL;DR: Cell differentiation during A. nidulans asexual reproduction involves the accumulation of many new poly(A) RNA sequences, but not the loss of preexisting ones.
247 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The main difference observed between rapid injection and slow infusion in the kinetics of the drug was the very high level of 5-FUra reached by rapid injection in plasma and bone marrow, which was of short duration (min) when compared to the low sustained levels observed during infusion.
Abstract: Pharmacokinetic studies of 5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) were performed on 18 patients divided into three groups: seven patients were given 5-FUra i.v. by rapid injection; five patients received the drug p.o.; and six patients were treated by continuous i.v. infusion for 96 hr. The results showed rapid i.v. injection to be manifested by high early levels of drug achieved both in plasma and bone marrow with a rapid fall afterwards. Administration of 5-FUra p.o. gave rise to erratic plasma values due to greater variability in absorption, whereas 96-hr i.v. infusions showed constant levels of the drug in plasma and significantly (50- to 1000-fold) less 5-FUra in bone marrow. The main difference observed between rapid injection and slow infusion in the kinetics of the drug was the very high level of 5-FUra reached by rapid injection in plasma and bone marrow, which was of short duration (min) when compared to the low sustained levels observed during infusion. This route-dependent pharmacokinetic profile is consistent with the reported absence of myelosuppression in prolonged infusion and may be related to the resultant lower levels of 5-FUra achieved in bone marrow.
240 citations
TL;DR: At spice concentrations to 2% in growth media, gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative bacteria, and sage had the highest antibacterial activity, followed closely by rosemary, which enhanced the antibacterial effect.
Abstract: The sensitivity of 22 gram negative and 24 gram positive bacteria to the spices sage, rosemary, and allspice was studied. At spice concentrations to 2% in growth media, gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative bacteria, and sage had the highest antibacterial activity, followed closely by rosemary. A concentration of 0.3% of either sage or rosemary in the media inhibited growth of 21 gram positive organisms, 9 of which were enteropathogenic. Two Kanagawa positive strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were also inhibited. Allspice was the least effective, requiring more than 0.5% for growth inhibition of most of the tested strains. Recovery of growth was observed after inhibition at 0.3% concentration of sage or rosemary, whereas a concentration of 0.5% was bactericidal. A combination of sage and rosemary enhanced the antibacterial effect.
201 citations
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that while mothers and daughters reported frequent discussions of sex-related topics, they differed in terms of how comfortable they felt talking with each other, what roles each played in initiating discussions and whether they desired more frequent discussions in the future.
Abstract: Drawing from a sample survey of 449 black and white mother-teenage daughter dyads, this study examines patterns, correlates, and consequences of direct verbal communication about sex between mother and daughter. Findings suggest that while mothers and daughters reported frequent discussions of sex-related topics, they differed in terms of how comfortable they felt talking with each other, what roles each played in initiating discussions, and whether they desired more frequent discussions in the future. Higher frequencies of current communication were associated with more responsible patterns of daughters' sexual behavior. The authors suggest that future research be directed at determinants of parental involvement in sexual socialization, and at analyses of the underlying processes of parent-child sexual communication.
TL;DR: The results and quantitative aspects of the selection procedure suggest that developmentally controlled poly(A)+ RNA coding regions may not be distributed randomly in the Aspergillus genome.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the relative rates of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the upper 10 cm of sediment from two stations in central Long Island Sound, USA.
Abstract: Relative rates of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the upper 10 cm of sediment from two stations in central Long Island Sound, USA, were compared. Sediment samples from discrete depth intervas were incubated anoxically and changes in SO 4 = , NH 4 + , bacterial numbers, extractable adenosine triphosphate (ATP), organic matter, and organic carbon were measured as a function of time and temperature. At both stations (∼15 and ∼34 m water-depths, respectively), the calculated rates of SO 4 = reduction and NH 4 + production decreased exponentially (approximately) with depth below the sediment-water interface. Over the same depth interval, ATP concentrations dropped by a factor of ∼6 to 7 and bacterial numbers were lower by a factor of 2 to 3. These decreases in SO 4 = reduction, NH 4 + production, bacterial numbers, and ATP, reflect a change in the physiological state of microbial populations with depth in the sediment and are consistent with the conclusions that the quantity of easily utilizable organic matter changes rapidly below the sediment surface and that food limitation controls the basic depth distribution of microbial activity. The average rates of SO 4 = reduction, ∼29 to 39 mM year-1 (22°C), in the top 10 cm are similar at both stations studied here, as well as at an additional station from a previous study. In contrast, average NH 4 + production differs by a factor of ∼2 at the two stations, reflecting differences in the C:N ratio of the organic matter supplied to the sediment surface and differences in particle reworking by macrofauna at each site. The apparent activation energy of SO 4 = reduction was 19±1 kcal mole-1 and that of NH 4 + production, 18±3 kcal mole-1. The overall quantity of carbon required to support the calculated average SO 4 = reduction rate in the top 10 cm is 23 g C m-2 year-1 and represents ∼36% of all the carbon available to the benthos annually and ∼11% of the net primary production in the water column. Directly measured fluxes of NH 4 + from sediments to overlying water at both stations agree well with those predicted from production rates obtained by the incubation techniques.
TL;DR: Examination of the relationship between the type of maternal involvement in the sexual socialization of daughters and the sexual behaviour of these girls during adolescence found mother's presence as a role model was found to be significantly related to the sexual status of the daughter.
Abstract: 449 girls in Detroit between the ages of 14 and 16 years and their mothers were interviewed. Sampling took into account factors of race and social class. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between the type of maternal involvement in the sexual socialization of daughters and the sexual behaviour of these girls during adolescence. Measures of early and current communication between mother and daughter regarding sexual issues were based on daughters reports. Information regarding the mothers role as a supervisor of the daughters social life was obtained from reports of the mothers. The 2 other major variables were quality of mother-daughter relationship (MDREL) measured by a 9-item summed index reflective of the daughters assessment of the relationship; and the nonmarital sexual history of the mother as an indicator of the mothers role as a modeling agent. The criterion variable was the daughters sexual behavior measured by whether or not she had ever had sexual intercourse (yes or no). 5 background variables (race head of household daughters age relative family income and family religiosity) were also measured. After controlling for background variables mothers presence as a role model was found to be significantly related to the sexual status of the daughter. MDREL was the strongest predictor of sexual experience with a more favorable relationship corresponding to lack of sexual experience. Early and recent sexual communication and mothers supervisory role were not found to be significantly related to the criterion variable. Implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a discrete-trials color naming (Stroop) paradigm was used to examine activation along orthographic and phonological dimensions in visual and auditory word recognition, and the results suggest that word recognition entails activation of multiple codes and priming of orthographically and phonologically similar words.
Abstract: A discrete-trials color naming (Stroop)’paradigm was used to examine activation along orthographic and phonological dimensions in visual and auditory word recognition. Subjects were presented a prime word, either auditorily or visually, followed 200 msec later by a target word printed in a color. The orthographic and phonological similarity of prime-target pairs varied. Color naming latencies were longer when the primes and targets were orthographically and/or phonologically similar than when they were unrelated. This result obtained for both prime presentation modes. The results suggest that word recognition entails activation of multiple codes and priming of orthographically and phonologically similar words.
TL;DR: After intravitreal injection, [ 3H]glycine accumulates in 3 distinct subpopulations of amacrine cells in the cat retina whereas [3H]GABA accumulates on the basis of size and cytologic features serves as an additional distinguishing characteristic.
TL;DR: A life-span model derived from Piaget’s population-dynamic interpretation of the two-tiered function of logic in adaptation: logical intercoordination and
Abstract: The present paper outlines a life-span model derived from Piaget’s population-dynamic interpretation of the two-tiered function of logic in adaptation: logical intercoordination and
TL;DR: The level of glycosylation of glomerular basement membrane collagen purified from diabetic rats was significantly greater than that in non-diabetic animals, which may alter structure-function relationships of the capillary filtration barrier.
TL;DR: It is proved that for d > 2, almost every graph of order n satisfies n ((log 2 n ) 1/2 +4) -1 ccl( G ) ⩽ n ( Log 2 n - d log 2 log 2 n ), which implies the statement in the title.
TL;DR: One hundred eighty-six patients with epithelial tumors of the ovary who were managed at the M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute underwent an exploratory operation (second-look) to assess the status of the cancer as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The results of this study show a progressive loss of uniform shape and order in chicken fibers of advanced maturity, which may be the basis for the increase in light scattering seen in aged lenses of other species such as man.
Abstract: The surface morphology of lens fibers in embryonic and adult chicken lenses has been studied by scanning electron microscopy. As the elongating epithelial cells enter into a state of terminal differentiation they elaborate a number of cellular processes interconnecting neighboring fibers. The interlocking devices take the shapes of balls on a short stalk, tonguelike flaps, and fingerlike processes that fit into complementarily shaped sockets, imprints, and fingerprints, respectively, of adjoining fibers. Gap junctions comprising more than 50% of the fiber-cell membrane may serve as ultrastructural interlocking devices. The interlocking devices and gap junctions are probably necessary to maintain fiber order--a critical requirement for lens transparency. With increase maturation, the uniform morphology of the fibers and their interlocking devices is lost. The highly repetitive ordered alignment of young uniformly shaped fiber cells acts to minimize large-particle scatter. The results of this study show a progressive loss of uniform shape and order in chicken fibers of advanced maturity. This phenomenon of lens development may be the basis for the increase in light scattering seen in aged lenses of other species such as man.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that orthant sampling, which has previously been used to approximately sample microcanonical ensembles of anharmonic oscillators, is an exact sampling technique when applied to harmonic oscillators.
TL;DR: Primary venous interruption is a safe, quick and effective means of managing venous injury whenever the extent of injury or the severity of associated injuries make primary repair hazardous.
Abstract: Contrary to prevailing views, documentation of major morbidity after venous ligation for trauma is sparse. Forty-six patients had ligation for injury to the major veins of the lower extremities, namely, vena cava (six), external iliac (five), common iliac (three), common femoral (eight), profunda femoris (six), superficial femoral (thirteen), and popliteal (five). The post-ligation management included: 1) early and extensive fasciotomy when indicated, 2) initial strict bed rest with elevation until edema free, 3) trial ambulation for 2 hours, 4) added elevation if trial ambulation leads to recurrent edema. Forty patients were discharged edema free, and six patients had mild edema. Followup examination in 39 patients revealed no edema in 30 patients, mild edema requiring no treatment in one patient, and moderate edema requiring support hose in eight patients. No severe or massive edema causing ulceration or ischemia occurred. Based on these findings, primary venous interruption is a safe, quick and effective means of managing venous injury whenever the extent of injury or the severity of associated injuries make primary repair hazardous.
TL;DR: The data presented here together with other available information suggest that the vascularization of the nerve and the direct effects of hormones upon glial cells are possible factors that contribute to the local variability.
Abstract: In order to gather information about the factors influencing myelination and neuroglial cell formation in the central nervous system, the development of myelin and neuroglia was investigated along the length of the optic nerve and tract of rats and rabbits. The results of this study revealed complex developmental patterns for both of these processes. Furthermore, the pattern of myelination for the rat is different from that of the rabbit. Myelination of the rat optic pathway exhibits a general rostro-caudal gradient extending from the eye to the lateral geniculate nucleus, whereas a more homogeneous pattern is present in the rabbit. Myelination along the nerves of both species shows many sharp peaks and troughs, especially in the region of the optic canal. Formation of myelin begins at several different sites along the nerve, with the first fibers appearing on both sides of the optic canal. Another small site of myelination develops just in front of the optic chiasm. Myelination of the entire length of an individual axon is not homogeneous but instead it begins at several discrete sites. The number of glial cells along the nerve and tract also fluctuates sharply but their pattern does not precisely parallel that of myelination. A better correlation is obtained by comparing the distribution of axons being myelinated with that of oligodendroglial cells. The complex patterns and the species differences observed in this study indicate that myelination and neuroglial cell development must be regulated by both neuronal and local factors. The data presented here together with other available information suggest that the vascularization of the nerve and the direct effects of hormones upon glial cells are possible factors that contribute to the local variability.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that objective social integration only has an indirect impact on morale, with subjective sense of integration being the intervening variable.
Abstract: The concern for social integration among the aged lies in its implications for well-being in old age. Evidence about the link between social integration and morale is still inconclusive. This appears to be due to poor conceptionalization and lack of specification concerning the relationships between social integration and other correlates of morale. In this study, social integration is viewed in terms of both its subjective and objective aspects. The central hypothesis is that the relationship between objective aspects of social integration and morale is mediated by the subjective sense of integration. This hypothesis was examined through the use of a structural equation model. Four data sets were used for this inquiry which included surveys conducted in North Carolina, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Detroit. Findings indicate that objective social integration only has an indirect impact on morale, with subjective sense of integration being the intervening variable. This relationship remains significant even when other factors such as socioeconomic status, financial satisfaction, and health status were controlled.
TL;DR: Unlike patients with disseminated testicular cancer, patients with primary metastatic extragonadal germ cell carcinoma appear to do less well on this particular drug regimen.
Abstract: Nineteen patients considered to have metastatic primary extragonadal germ cell cancer were entered on a Phase II chemotherapy study using as induction therapy a combination of vinblastine (VLB) 12 mg/m2 day 1, bleomycin (BLEO) 15 U/m2 I.V. or I.M. twice weekly, and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP) 15 mg/m2 days 1–5, with vinblastine and DDP repeated at 28-day intervals for four months. All complete or partial responders were then placed on a maintenance regimen of vinblastine 12 mg/m2 alternating monthly with actinomycin-D 1.5 mg/m2 day 29, and chlorambucil, 10 mg/m2 P.O. days 32–37. There were three complete remissions (CR's), six partial remissions (PR's), and two stable disease. The response rate (CR's + PR's) was 56%; however, the mean duration of response was only two months (range, 1–8 months). Drug toxicity was significant and there was one toxic death. Unlike patients with disseminated testicular cancer, patients with primary metastatic extragonadal germ cell carcinoma appear to do less well on this particular drug regimen. Further investigation using different drug regimens seems necessary.
TL;DR: In this article, total scattering cross sections have been measured in the same apparatus for positrons and electrons of well-defined energies (0.35-100 eV) colliding with krypton and xenon using a beam-transmission technique.
Abstract: Total scattering cross sections have been measured in the same apparatus for positrons and electrons of well-defined energies (0.35--100 eV) colliding with krypton and xenon using a beam-transmission technique. The positron total cross sections are largest at the lowest energies studied, and decrease in a manner very similar to the elastic scattering cross-section calculations by Schrader and by McEachran et al. The total cross sections for positron-krypton, xenon collisions experience abrupt changes in their slope at the respective positronium-formation thresholds indicating that positronium formation may be an important contributor to the total cross section above the formation threshold. The present electron measurements are in good agreement with the recent measurements of Wagenaar. Estimates of potential errors in the present measurements due to incomplete discrimination against small-angle forward elastic scattering are made.
TL;DR: This paper reviews and evaluates various methods for the prediction and detection of ovulation, with emphasis on the role this plays in management of infertility and in natural family planning.
TL;DR: This paper describes experiments performed with 30 subjects which indicate that the rate of strength build-up in repeated exertions may provide objective criteria to judge whether or not a subject exerts full muscular strength in a routine test.
Abstract: Routine measurements of muscle strength capabilities commonly use external dynamometers against which the subject exerts maximal voluntary contractions of muscles in static (isometric) tests. These tests require active cooperation of the subject, i.e., full motivation to “give the best”. At present, no practicable techniques exist that provide objective clues indicating that indeed a maximal effort is delivered, or if only a portion of the available strength is exerted. This paper describes experiments performed with 30 subjects which indicate that the rate of strength build-up in repeated exertions may provide objective criteria to judge whether or not a subject exerts full muscular strength in a routine test.