Showing papers in "Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism in 2011"

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize existing literature on vitamin D levels in adults in different continents and different countries woldwide, and show that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are not only suboptimal in specific risk groups, but also in adults.

TL;DR: Control of gene expression and rapid responses also delays chronic diseases of aging such as osteoporosis, cancer, type-1 and -2 diabetes, arteriosclerosis, vascular disease, and infection.

TL;DR: The main effect of the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25(OH)2D is to stimulate the absorption of calcium from the gut, which may decrease bone turnover and increase bone mineral density.

TL;DR: The only available therapy for male factor infertility is assisted reproduction which allows conception also in severe male factor, including azoospermia following testicular sperm extraction.

TL;DR: An overview of clinical aspects of this disorder and closely related conditions, the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenesis, and major genotype-phenotype correlations are provided.

TL;DR: A diverse array of data is collated describing the presence of vitamin D metabolites and the receptor in the brain, the evidence that vitamin D may be an important modulator of brain development, and the potential role ofitamin D in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: Together, the evidence makes it very unlikely that further research will change the conclusion that risk of disease with serum 25(OH)D higher than 75 nmol/L is lower than therisk of disease if the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is approximately 53 nml/L.

TL;DR: This paper focuses first on the nature and regulation of the two enzymes responsible for the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), the 25-hydroxylase in the liver and the 1α-Hydroxyl enzyme in the kidney.

TL;DR: An algorithm is proposed for the diagnosis and approach of the female patient presenting with infertility on the basis of the available evidence in literature, for which novel treatments are currently being developed and discussed.

TL;DR: Relationships between hypogonadism, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), along with erectile dysfunction (ED), a common condition in the three diseases are reviewed.

TL;DR: This review aims to present an overview of the current state of knowledge in mechanisms how human spermatogonia proliferate and differentiate and how cancer therapy affects germ cells, what are the options for fertility preservation andWhat are the clinical risks and limitations related to such procedures.

TL;DR: Understanding the pathogenesis is useful for an efficient early diagnosis approach, which is necessary for adequate decision making in the management of DSD.

TL;DR: An overview of the regulation of the HPT axis is provided with an emphasis on the changes that occur with aging and the measurement of gonadal steroids, including hormone pulsatility, within-subject and circadian variations.

TL;DR: The genetic and epidemiologic data potentially linking vitamin D to autoimmune, infectious and allergic diseases are summarized and how vitamin D influences the immune responses in each of those conditions is discussed based on the data generated using patient samples or preclinical models of each of these diseases.

TL;DR: Subclinical disease, namely subclinical hypothyroidism, has still to be conclusively defined as a risk factor for adverse outcomes and other conditions, such as isolated hypothyroxinemia and thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroidistan, are still clouded with uncertainty regarding the need for substitutive treatment.

TL;DR: The current knowledge aboutSepto-optic dysplasia is discussed and an increasing number of mutations in developmental transcription factors including HESX1,SOX2, SOX3 and OTX2 being implicated in its aetiology are described.

TL;DR: Understanding of the pathophysiology behind 25(OH)D and calcitriol deficiency in CKD is presented, of the adequacy of current recommendations for vitamin D supplementation and PTH suppression, and of potential markers of renal and cardiovascular lesions unrelated to PTH suppressed are presented.

TL;DR: This review aims to present updated recommendations for the inpatient management of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients with and without a history of diabetes.

TL;DR: The remarkable variability in the clinical presentation of affected patients indicates the influence of the genetic background, environmental factors and possibly stochastic events of this heterogeneous disease remains unexplained, which further suggests the involvement of additional genes.

TL;DR: The different ways in which 1,25(OH)₂D₃ interferes with the malignant processes that are activated in cancer cells are reported.

TL;DR: Continued clinical evaluations of patients with STAT5b mutations and elucidating the impact of the mutation on STAT5B structure and function are important to understanding the pathophysiology of this rare, complex, disease.

TL;DR: It is apparent that the authors have just begun to unravel the multifaceted IGF1R actions at the interface of growth control, maintenance of metabolic homeostasis and neurodevelopment and neural protection.

TL;DR: This work proposes several clinical algorithms that can be used to establish the diagnosis of a multiple pituitary dysfunction and suggests GH1 and GHRHR should be tested in children with severe isolated growth hormone deficiency and a positive family history.

TL;DR: Observations demonstrate that the integrity of IGF-I signalling is important for normal growth and brain development.

TL;DR: Should symptomatic tumor growth occur, reinstitution of the dopamine agonist is usually successful in shrinking the tumor but delivery if the pregnancy is sufficiently advanced is also an option and transsphenoidal debulking is rarely necessary.

TL;DR: The current understanding and remaining questions concerning the calcemic actions of 1,25(OH)₂D in the intestine, kidney and bone are discussed, with special focus on the evidence obtained by the use of transgenic mouse models.

TL;DR: Improved understanding ofitamin D metabolism and regulation in critical illness may allow therapeutic exploitation of vitamin D to improve outcome in critically ill patients.

TL;DR: In men, evidence-based data on the efficacy of pharmacologic interventions in reducing fracture risk are convincing but not conclusive, and bisphosphonates and teriparatide seem to be as effective in men as in women.

TL;DR: There is little evidence to suggest that maintaining childhood vitamin D status well above that necessary to prevent rickets has an effect on intestinal calcium absorption or on peak bone mass.

TL;DR: Testosterone therapy should be accompanied by a standardized monitoring plan that includes periodic ascertainment of symptomatic improvement and lower urinary tract symptoms, measurements of testosterone level, hematocrit, and PSA, digital prostate examination, and general health evaluation.