Showing papers in "Brain and Cognition in 2010"

TL;DR: This review discusses the emotional and incentive-driven behavioral changes in adolescents and their associated neural mechanisms, focusing on the dynamic interactions between the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex.

TL;DR: Age-related changes in localized processes across the brain, and in establishing long range connections that support top-down modulation of behavior, more effective neural processing for optimal mature executive function is suggested.

TL;DR: Data regarding sex differences in brain structure and function during this period of the lifespan is reviewed, suggesting male and female brains may use slightly different strategies for achieving similar cognitive abilities.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that pubertal maturation is associated with the activation of social and motivational tendencies, which in turn influence behavior and emotion in adolescence depending upon interactions with social context.

TL;DR: Recent observations obtained with magnetic resonance imaging in typically developing adolescents are reviewed and some of the known variations in structural properties of white matter vis-à-vis brain function in health and disease are pointed out.

TL;DR: Constant preference and aversion data are discussed showing adolescents to be more sensitive than adults to positive rewarding properties of various drugs and natural stimuli, while less sensitive to the aversive properties of these stimuli.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a study that directly compared the affective consequences of an experimental ostracism manipulation (Cyberball) in female adolescents and adults and found that the ostracms condition led to significantly greater affective consequence in the adolescents compared with adults.

TL;DR: Developmental theories of gyrification, computational techniques for measuring gyrization, and the potential interaction between gyrisation and neuronal connectivity are reviewed and recent findings involving alterations in gyrified during childhood and adolescence are presented.

TL;DR: How 3D and 4D brain mapping methods have helped clarify how cortical development relates to cognitive performance, functional recovery or decline in illness, and ongoing myelination processes is described.

TL;DR: Taken together, the contributions to this issue demonstrate conclusively that the adolescent’s brain is different from both the child's brain and the adult's brain, and among the most dramatic and important to occur during the human lifespan.

TL;DR: A review of changes within cortical and subcortical dopaminergic systems that may account for changes in cognition and affect that characterize adolescent behavior and how this relation changes through the lifespan is provided.

TL;DR: Research progress in animal models in this field is reviewed including HPA function and the enduring effects of stress exposures in adolescence on sensitivity to drugs of abuse, learning and memory, and emotional behaviour in adulthood.

TL;DR: The data demonstrate that the daytime sleepiness that emerges in adolescence is related to the decline in NREM delta as well as to altered sleep schedules, and provide guideposts for studying cognitive and behavioral correlates of adolescent brain reorganization.

TL;DR: Correlations between brain activity and reaction time difference relative to neutral trials revealed that monolinguals and bilinguals showed increased activation in different brain regions to achieve less interference from incongruent flankers.

TL;DR: There is a need for more research to further elucidate the development of white matter and its relation to cognitive function during this critical developmental period.

TL;DR: Developmental reductions in EEG power and alterations in the dominant band of EEG oscillation frequency are discussed, moderated by developmental factors such as growth-related changes in grey and white matter, and in the developmental history of cognitive and sociocultural stressors.

TL;DR: Differences in the ERP waveforms were observed very early on, with increased N170 and VPP amplitude to self relative to both friend and stranger measured over posterior and fronto-central sites, respectively, which point to a 'less lateralized' representation of self over posterior sites.

TL;DR: Results show that SNARC is a fleeting aspect of number representation that captures multiple spatial associations during reading, and that the incongruent reading condition even induced a reverse SNARC.

TL;DR: A meta-analytic review of the literature to establish how creative thinking relates to relative hemispheric dominance and further moderation of the effects suggests relative dominance of the right hemisphere during creative thinking.

TL;DR: In multivariable analysis cortisol, LogIL-6, and LogS100B were significantly associated with delirium, but adjusted for pre-existing cognitive impairment, only LogS 100B remained significantly associated.

TL;DR: It is found greater age-related reduction in the volume of the hippocampal head relative to the tail, which supports the notion of functional differentiation along the long axis of the hippocampus.

TL;DR: A meta-analysis of human performance on the temporal bisection task collected from 148 experiments spread across 18 independent studies is performed and a simple 2-step decision model is presented that is capable of explaining all the idiosyncrasies seen in the data.

TL;DR: An effect of degree of hand preference on arcuate fasciculus structure is revealed, such that consistently-handed individuals, regardless of the direction of hand preferences, demonstrated the most asymmetric arcuate Fasciculus, with larger left versus right arcuate, as measured by DTI.

TL;DR: Results of this study demonstrate that caffeine has differential effects on visual attention networks as a function of dose, and such effects have implications for hypothesized interactions of caffeine, adenosine and dopamine in brain areas mediating visual attention.

TL;DR: The results suggest that seeing a climbing wall activates a motor, embodied simulation, which relies not on perceptual salience, but on motor competence, and that this strongly impacts recall.

TL;DR: The gamma synchronization may be an excellent candidate signal of basic cortical motor control, as the spatiotemporal dynamics indicate the primary motor cortex generates this response (and not the beta oscillations) which is closely yoked to the initial muscle activation.

TL;DR: As expected, participants with high baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) adopted reappraisal strategies more than those with low RSA but, surprisingly, RSA was not associated with facial expressivity.

TL;DR: Results suggest that spatial attention is captured by backward masked fearful faces and attention is focused at the location of the fear stimulus, and this effect modulates the early stage of facial processing reflected by the N170.

TL;DR: Together, the results suggest that the parahippocampal gyrus may underlie the integrative and maintenance functions of the episodic buffer.

TL;DR: Findings suggest differential influences of white matter development on cognition in MJ+ALC using adolescents than in non-using peers and neuroadaptation may reflect additive and subtractive responses to substance use that are complicated by competing maturational processes.