Showing papers in "Current Eye Research in 2019"
TL;DR: The healthy ocular surface is characterised by a relatively stable, comparatively low diversity microbiome with recent findings that the bacteria of the ocularsurface appear to have a role in maintaining homeostasis by modulating immune function.
Abstract: Aim: The ocular surface is continually exposed to bacteria from the environment and traditional culture-based microbiological studies have isolated a low diversity of microorganisms from this region. The use of culture-independent methods to define the ocular microbiome, primarily involving 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing studies, have shown that the microbial communities present on the ocular surface have a greater diversity than previously reported. Method: A review of the literature on ocular microbiome research in health and disease. Results: Molecular techniques have been used to investigate the effect of contact lens wear and disease on the microbiota of the ocular surface and eyelids and the immunoregulatory role of the ocular surface microbiota. Studies have shown that compositional changes in the microbiota occur in ocular surface disorders such as blepharitis, trachoma and dry eye and also suggest a role of the ocular and non-ocular microbiome in retinal disease including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, uveitis and diabetic retinopathy. However, ocular microbiome studies need to recognise the potential for contamination to impact findings and carefully control each stage of the experimental procedure and to utilise statistical methods to identify contamination signals. Conclusion: The healthy ocular surface is characterised by a relatively stable, comparatively low diversity microbiome with recent findings that the bacteria of the ocular surface appear to have a role in maintaining homeostasis by modulating immune function.
82 citations
TL;DR: The microsphere-hydrogel DDS is safe and can deliver bioactive aflibercept in a controlled manner and may provide a significant advantage over current bolus injection therapies in the treatment of ocular neovascularization.
Abstract: Purpose: Current standard of care for neovascular eye diseases require repeated intravitreal bolus injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGFs). The purpose of this study was...
55 citations
TL;DR: After 1 month of treatment, first-fit success rate of ortho-k lenses was high in both groups of subjects; addition of 0.01% atropine in AOK subjects did not affect the lens performance or clinical responses.
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present the study design and one month’s preliminary results of a 2-year randomized trial, Combined Atropine with Orthokeratology (AOK), for myopia control ...
51 citations
TL;DR: Overall, this review aims to deliberate on the impact of species-specific ILM variations on drug delivery research as well as to pinpoint knowledge gaps which future basic research should resolve.
Abstract: The inner limiting membrane (ILM) represents the structural boundary between the vitreous and the retina, and is suggested to act as a barrier for a wide range of retinal therapies. While it is widely acknowledged that the morphology of the human ILM exhibits regional variations and undergoes age-related changes, insight into its structure in laboratory animals is very limited. Besides presenting a detailed overview of the morphology and composition of the human ILM, this review specifically reflects on the species-specific differences in ILM structure. With these differences in mind, we furthermore summarize the most relevant reports on the barrier role of the ILM with regard to viral vectors, nanoparticles, anti-VEGF medication and stem cells. Overall, this review aims to deliberate on the impact of species-specific ILM variations on drug delivery research as well as to pinpoint knowledge gaps which future basic research should resolve.
51 citations
TL;DR: The developed TMC nanoparticles offered prolonged release potential for transmucosal ocular delivery of hydrophobic flurbiprofen and HET-CAM studies demonstrated the ocular safety of T MC nanoparticles.
Abstract: Purpose: A major challenge in ocular therapeutics is poor bioavailability of drug, 1% or even less of the instilled dose is absorbed and frequent administration of conventional products leads to po...
39 citations
TL;DR: Vitreoretinal surgery under various status can be well finished with the HUD platform by novice at the system, and main benefits included lower endoillumination intensity, enhanced users’ preference, and improved ergonomics.
Abstract: Statement: The current article has not been published elsewhere and has not been submitted simultaneously for publication elsewhere.Purpose: To investigate the preliminary use of three-dimensional ...
39 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the clinical efficacy of Lumenis® M22TM intense pulsed light (IPL) in reduction of ocular Demodex infestation in eyelashes in a prospective study.
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Lumenis® M22TM intense pulsed light (IPL) in reduction of ocular Demodex infestation in eyelashes in a prospective study.Methods: Forty patients with o...
36 citations
TL;DR: Reduced macular vessel density occurs in POAG despite of age-related changes, which also correlates with reductions in RNFL and GCC measurements.
Abstract: Aims: To evaluate retinal vasculature changes in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and whether the functional visual loss correlates with parameters obtained using optical coherence tomography ang...
32 citations
TL;DR: The 3D heads-up vitrectomy may be considered the treatment of choice for patients with various vitreoretinal diseases and experienced comparable anatomical recoveries regarding epiretinal membranes, vitreous hemorrhage, macular holes, retinal detachment, and pathological myopic foveoschisis.
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the visual outcomes and occurrences of perioperative complications after three-dimensional (3D) heads-up vitrectomy compared with traditional microscopic (TM) surgery for vi...
31 citations
TL;DR: The use of CsA-eluting CLs improved clinical parameters and conjunctival goblet cell density and decreased inflammatory cytokines.
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and safety of a new cyclosporine A (CsA) delivery system using contact lenses (CLs) for the treatment of experimental dry eye (EDE).Methods: CsA-laden porous ca...
30 citations
TL;DR: Increased level of IL-6 generally exist in DR patients and it may associated with the severity of DR, according to the results of this meta-analysis.
Abstract: Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced by a variety of cells involved in inflammation and acts as local intensification signals in pathological processes associated with chronic eye inflammat...
TL;DR: Simultaneous accelerated CXL and refractive surgery is effective for the treatment of myopia, however, it is as yet unclear if the additional CXL step reduces the incidence of iatrogenic keratectasia.
Abstract: Purpose: Laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) are safe and effective refractive surgical procedures. However, complications include regression of treatment and iatrogenic keratectasia which can be severe and sight-threatening. In order to reduce these complications, simultaneous corneal cross-linking (CXL) is currently being added to these refractive procedures. This review analyses current long-term literature (≥ 1 year follow-up) on refractive surgery and simultaneous CXL (LASIK Xtra, PRK Xtra and SMILE Xtra) to determine its overall safety and efficacy.Methods: A comprehensive literature search of various electronic databases (PubMed, PubMed Central and MEDLINE) was performed up to 9th February 2019. Efficacy and safety indices are calculated where possible.Results: Ten relevant studies were found for LASIK Xtra, 4 for PRK Xtra and 1 for SMILE Xtra. The total number of eyes included in this review was 1,189: 347 eyes for LASIK Xtra, 300 eyes for LASIK-only, 298 for PRK Xtra, 204 for PRK-only, 40 for SMILE Xtra and none for SMILE-only. Current studies show that refractive surgery and simultaneous CXL produces comparable or better results in terms of refractive and keratometric stability than refractive surgery alone. However, case reports of complications such as corneal ectasia, diffuse lamellar keratitis and central toxic keratopathy have also recently been published.Conclusions: Simultaneous accelerated CXL and refractive surgery is effective for the treatment of myopia. However, it is as yet unclear if the additional CXL step reduces the incidence of iatrogenic keratectasia. Further long-term comparative studies would be useful in evaluating safety and efficacy of this procedure. More research should also be performed to titrate the UV-A irradiation settings for an optimal outcome.
TL;DR: Partially recovery towards a quiescent keratocyte-like phenotype was achieved by the removal of serum and the addition of AA, IGF-1, RA, ITS and IBMX to a basal medium, which can be used to develop cell-based corneal therapies and to study cornea diseases in vitro.
Abstract: Purpose: To identify biochemical cues that could promote a keratocyte-like phenotype in human corneal stromal cells that had become fibroblastic when expanded in serum-supplemented media while also examining the effect on cell proliferation and migration.Methods: Proliferation was assessed by PrestoBlue™, morphology was monitored by phase contrast microscopy, phenotype was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunochemistry and flow cytometry, and migration was studied with a scratch assay.Results: Ascorbic Acid (AA), Retinoic Acid (RA), Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS), Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) promoted a dendritic morphology, increased the expression of keratocyte markers, such as keratocan, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 (ALDH3A1) and CD34, and prevented myofibroblast differentiation, while in some cases increasing proliferation. Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and 3 (TGF-β3) promoted the differentiat...
TL;DR: The usefulness of the RGCC as a potential in vivo biomarker for assessing disease in patients with LHON and DOA is suggested, with different specific patterns consistent with the general patterns of thinning classically observed.
Abstract: Background: Mitochondrial optic neuropathies such as Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and Dominant Optic Atrophy (DOA) have been shown to produce an optic neuropathy secondary to retinal ganglion cell loss with thinning of the retinal ganglion cell complex (RGCC). Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis assessing the thicknesses of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) along with the macular retinal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (RGC-IPL) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We compared these changes among acute and chronic LHON, DOA, and normal healthy control patients. Results: Patients with chronic LHON exhibited statistically significant thinning of the RNFL in the superior, nasal, and inferior quadrants of the retina. In acute LHON, the RNFL was relatively thicker in all but the temporal quadrant when compared with respective quadrants in normal eyes; however, statistical significance was not achieved. In DOA, the RNFL was thinnest in the superior and inferior quadrants of the retina, measuring between acute and chronic LHON thickness values. In chronic LHON and DOA, both the pRNFL and RGC-IPL were significantly thinner in all four retinal quadrants relative to controls. Conclusions: This article represents the first comparative study of the RGCC between LHON and DOA. Our findings demonstrated significant thickness reductions in pRNFL and macular RGC-IPL in patients with LHON and DOA, with different specific patterns consistent with the general patterns of thinning classically observed. This study suggests the usefulness of the RGCC as a potential in vivo biomarker for assessing disease in patients with LHON and DOA.
TL;DR: In this article, the functional connectivity between the primary visual cortex and other cortical areas during rest in normal subjects and patients with comitant strabias was examined, and it was shown that the functional connections between the two cortical areas were significantly different.
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the functional connectivity between the primary visual cortex and other cortical areas during rest in normal subjects and patients with comitant strabi...
TL;DR: In this article, the association between dendritic cell density and corneal nerve morphology and tear film inflammatory mediators and neuromediators in healthy individuals was determined. But the results were limited to 21 healthy participants.
Abstract: Purpose: To determine the association between corneal dendritic cell (DC) density and corneal nerve morphology and tear film inflammatory mediators and neuromediators in healthy individuals. Methods: Flush tears were collected from 21 healthy participants aged 39.7 ± 9.9 years and analyzed for total protein content (TPC), substance P, matrix-metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of MMPs-1 (TIMP-1), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In vivo confocal microscopy was used to assess DC density and corneal nerve morphology. Corneal nerve variables measured were corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL), fiber density (CNFD), branch density (CNBD), fiber total branch density (CTBD), fiber area (CNFA), fiber width (CNFW) and fractal dimension (CNFrac). Results: Participants with DC density over 50 cells/mm2 correlated with CNBD-average (r = 0.7, p = 0.02), CNBD-high (r = 0.6, p = 0.02), CNBD-low (r = 0.6, p = 0.02) CTBD-average (r = 0.7, p = 0.01), CTBD-high (r = 0.6, p = 0.03), CTBD-low (r = 0.7, p = 0.01), CNFA-average (r = 0.7, p = 0.00), CNFA-high (r = 0.7, p = 0.01), CNFA-low (r = 0.8, p < 0.001), CNFrac-SD (r = -0.6, p = 0.04), CNFrac-low (r = 0.6, p = 0.04) and CNFL-low (r = 0.7, p = 0.02). The percentage of MMP-9 correlated with DC density in the entire cohort (r = 0.47, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Corneal nerve measures showed a strong correlation with higher DC density, suggesting that the number of cells maybe be modulated by the corneal nerves in the central cornea. MMP-9 also showed a moderate correlation with DC, supporting an inflammatory role.
TL;DR: Under photooxidative blue-light stimulation, RPE-derived exosomes may aggravate a potentially harmful oxidative response through the upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Abstract: Purpose: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly, and the activation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is invol...
TL;DR: Measurements of oxygen saturation in larger retinal arterioles and venules using dual wavelength oximetry can be improved by correcting for the influence of the linear velocity of the blood.
Abstract: Purpose: Dual wavelength retinal oximetry allows the quantification of oxygen saturation in the larger retinal vessels However, the technique might be refined further by identifying factors that a
TL;DR: Manual mechanical ICRS surgery shows a higher rate of intra- and postoperative mechanical and refractive complications when compared to femtosecond laser assisted technique.
Abstract: Purpose: To compare the incidence of complications between manual and femtosecond-laser assisted surgery for intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) implantation.Material and methods: This study ...
TL;DR: This mini-review addressed the question “what do the authors know about the association between the dysregulation of stress systems (HPA axis and SAM) and the onset and prognosis of CSC in adult populations?”
Abstract: Background: This mini-review addressed the question "what do we know about the association between the dysregulation of stress systems (HPA axis and SAM) and the onset and prognosis of CSC in adult populations?" Methods: The literature mini-review was conducted through electronic searches using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. All published human and animal studies with both observational and experimental designs from 1966 to October 2018 were included. Results: Our search identified 229 reports, of which 32 articles were ultimately identified to be reviewed in this paper. Among these key articles, twenty-three were related to exogenous and/or endogenous high glucocorticoids as risk factors for CSC, seven were related to Type-A behavior and chronic psychological distress as risk factors for idiopathic CSC, and two were related to stress-induced animal models of CSC. Nineteen out of twenty-three studies in the first group reported a consistent association between high circulating corticosteroids and the onset and prognosis of CSC. Six out of seven studies in the second group reported a consistent association between stress-induced allostatic (over)load and the appearance of more- or less-severe CSC disorders, assuming that elevated circulating steroids may constitute a kind of risk factor for the eye through dysregulation of the HPA axis. All the selected studies reported HPA axis dysregulation as a possible common factor to explain the association between high circulating corticosteroids and CSC. In contrast, the involvement of the SAM system is only indirectly taken into consideration through the PA and HR measures and/or plasma and 24-h urinary catecholamine levels. Therefore, information regarding the involvement of SAM system dysregulation in the onset and prognosis of CSC is lacking. This observation is particularly relevant in view of the fact that animal models of CSC in monkeys are primarily induced by adrenergic hypertonia and that the course of experimental CSC is not further exacerbated by the administration of corticosteroids.
TL;DR: S100A12 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DR by activating retinal microglia via a miR-30a-dependent mechanism.
Abstract: Purpose: Our previous study has identified that plasma levels of S100A12 are closely associated with presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR). In this work, we explored whether S100A12 can contribute to retinal microglial activation and inflammatory changes of DR via a microRNA-dependent mechanism.Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR model was developed. Retinal microglia of rats were activated through intravitreal injection of S100A12. Differential expression of miRNAs on retinal microglia treated with S100A12 or DMEM/F-12 alone was determined using microarray analysis. Luciferase reporter assays were performed, which explored the regulation of a putative target of miR-30a.Results: S100A12 was increased approximately fivefold in the retina of 16-week diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic retinas. Furthermore, the levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 were significantly increased in the retina of rats treated with intravitreal injection of S100A12. Moreover, S100A12 induced an increased expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in retinal microglia. S100A12 was a proinflammatory trigger in diabetes-induced retinal microglial activation by activating NLRP3 in vivo and in vitro. In addition, S100A12 induced retinal microglial activation via a miR-30a-dependent mechanism. Mechanistically, S100A12 inhibited miR-30a expression, which was controlled by HDAC, and miR-30a downregulated NLRP3 expression by directly targeting its 3'-UTR.Conclusions: S100A12 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DR by activating retinal microglia via a miR-30a-dependent mechanism.
TL;DR: AL was negatively correlated with superficial parafoveal microvasculature, but not correlated with peripapillary capillaries, suggesting that the inner retina stretches more in the distal end of the disc with increased AL.
Abstract: Purpose: To assess the effect of axial length (AL) on the quantification of superficial vessel density of both macular and disc region using swept source optical coherence tomography angiog...
TL;DR: Simple clinical parameters, such as the preoperative CCT, the course of visual restitution of the first eye, and the graft’s baseline ECD, are efficient predictors for relevant outcome parameters after DMEK and therefore may be used for stratification.
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify predictors for the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central corneal thickness (CCT), and the endothelial cell density (ECD) after primary Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).Methods: In a prospective observational study, 108 eyes with Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy underwent a primary DMEK. Preoperative data, histologic parameters from host’s Descemet’s membrane, and follow-up data of the first eye were analyzed in regard to BCVA, CCT, and ECD, 12 months after surgery.Results: Overall, 12 months postoperative, the BCVA improved to 0.11 ± 0.11 logMAR, the CCT declined to 529 ± 42 µm, and the ECD measured 1675 ± 418 cells/mm2. A significant influence of the preoperative CCT on postoperative BCVAs and CCTs was observed (r = 0.299, p = 0.014 and r = 0.507, p < 0.001, respectively). Especially eyes with a CCT <625 µm demonstrated a better BCVA (0.05 ± 0.07 logMAR) than eyes with a CCT ≥625 µm (0.13 ± 0.11 logMAR, p = 0.002). Furthermor...
TL;DR: Pannexin 1 channels play important roles in the regulation of progression and leucocytes aggregation during corneal A. fumigatus infection via the NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β pathway.
Abstract: Purpose: Pannexin 1 channels are deemed to play important roles in inflammation. However, there is limited information regarding their roles in fungal infection diseases, especially fungal keratitis. This study aimed to investigate the role of pannexin 1 channels in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. Materials and Methods: Mouse models or immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were infected with or without A. fumigatus for given time. The expression of pannexin 1 channels was tested by qPCR, western blot and immunofluorescence staining. Mice of A. fumigatus keratitis were pretreated with carbenoxolone (CBX) or 2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine-5'-triphosphate (BzATP) to block or activate the opening of pannexin 1 channels respectively. The clinical score was recorded. Cornea tissues were examined for the downstream signals of pannexin 1 channels, including NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1β, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) by PCR and ELISA. Data were analyzed with commercial data analysis software and a P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Upon A. fumigatus infection, pannexin 1 expression increased at both the mRNA and the protein levels in mice corneas (P< 0.05, n = 3). Immunofluorescence indicated that pannexin 1 channels were mainly located in the corneal epithelial layer, and they were upregulated after A. fumigatus infection. In vitro, the same tendency was found at the mRNA and the protein levels in HCECs (P< 0.05, n = 8). In mouse model, blockage of pannexin 1 channels by CBX caused more severely keratitis. The downstream signals of pannexin 1 channels (NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-1β) and MPO were down-regulated. Whereas activation the opening of pannexin 1 channels by BzATP reduced corneal infection with increased expression of Caspase-1 and IL-1β. Conclusions: Pannexin 1 channels play important roles in the regulation of progression and leucocytes aggregation during corneal A. fumigatus infection via the NLRP3/Caspase-1/IL-β pathway.
TL;DR: Patients prescribed a combination therapy of fortified antibiotics had poorer outcomes compared to monotherapy fluoroquinolones and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) were the main organisms identified.
Abstract: Purpose: To report the microbiological and clinical profiles, and outcomes of patients with microbial keratitis who had ocular surface disease (OSD) at the Sydney Eye Hospital, Australia over a 5-year period.Methods: A retrospective case-series study was conducted. Patients diagnosed with microbial keratitis who had a history of OSD (dry eye, blepharitis, Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP)) from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2016 were identified from hospital coding and pathology data. Data were extracted from the medical records.Results: 189 eyes from 171 patients with a mean age of 60 ± 19 years (range 20-96 years) were included. OSD included blepharitis (79%), dry eye (25%), SJS (4%) and OCP (2%). Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (48%) were the most common isolated microorganism, made up of mostly Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 37, 48%), Staphylococcus capitis (n = 16, 21%), and Staphylococcus warneri (n = 10, 13%). Median visual acuity at initial presentation was 0.52 logMAR and 0.30 logMAR at final visit. Median healing time was 12 days (IQR 6-27). The most common initial antimicrobial treatment prescribed was a combination of topical fortified cephalothin and gentamicin (n = 65, 34%); or topical ofloxacin (n = 56, 30%). Complications occurred in 69 eyes (37%), mainly non or slow-healing epithelial defects (n = 53, 43%) or corneal perforations (n = 24, 20%); and were more common in the elderly (n = 48/69, 70%).Conclusion: Microbial keratitis can affect those with OSD. In our setting, CoNS were the main organisms identified. Furthermore, patients prescribed a combination therapy of fortified antibiotics had poorer outcomes compared to monotherapy fluoroquinolones.
TL;DR: Preclinical results established that PCL nanofibers serve as a promising drug carrier for retinal segment in preservative free controlled release ocular drug delivery system.
Abstract: Purpose: Topical formulations are less effective in treating retinal inflammatory diseases due to poor avaliability of drug at target tissues. Nanofibers due to their unique structural features sho...
TL;DR: New developments and the different techniques of circumferential angle surgery in adult and pediatric glaucoma, as well as procedures which target the canal circumferentially without incising it, are reviewed, including canaloplasty and Visco360.
Abstract: Purpose: Although trabeculectomy, and to a less extent glaucoma drainage devices are currently the gold standard in glaucoma surgery, there is a rising interest in addressing the more physiological pathway of aqueous outflow through surgeries that target Schlemm's canal (SC). These surgeries have the advantage of a lower risk of hypotony and bleb-related complications commonly associated with conventional glaucoma surgery.In this article we review new developments and the different techniques of circumferential angle surgery in adult and pediatric glaucoma, as well as procedures which target the canal circumferentially without incising it, such as canaloplasty and Visco360.Methods: A comprehensive literature search of various electronic databases was performed.Results: Angle surgery, namely goniotomy and trabeculotomy, have been well established as standard procedures in pediatric glaucoma, yet their results in the management of adult glaucoma have not been as promising. In recent years, ab-interno trabeculectomy using Trabectome and Kahook dual blade have yielded variable results in adult glaucoma. As growing evidence suggests that bigger extent incisions into SC result in increased lowering of intraocular pressure than conventional 120 to 180-degree incisions, several procedures have been developed to create a circumferential incision into SC. Circumferential SC incision using sutures, microcatheters, TRAB360 or the rigid probe trabeculotome, through an ab-interno or ab-externo approach, have yielded promising results in both adult and pediatric glaucoma by reducing the resistance to aqueous outflow through the inner wall of SC over 360 degrees of the angle.Conclusions: Various techniques of circumferential Schlemm's canal surgery is effective in management of different adult and pediatric glaucomas. Further long-term comparative studies would be useful in evaluating safety and efficacy of these procedures.
TL;DR: The importance of the cyclic pattern identified in IOP and its fluctuations is unknown at this time, but it is plausible that this pattern is relevant to both homeostasis and pathophysiology of the ONH, corneoscleral shell, and aqueous outflow pathways.
Abstract: Purpose: Most studies on intraocular pressure (IOP) to monitor IOP “fluctuations” in glaucoma patients have been performed with snapshot tonometry techniques that obtain IOP measurements at single ...
TL;DR: Lower capillary vessel densities, particularly in the foveal region, could be considered a subclinical form of ocular involvement in nonocular Behcet’s Disease.
Abstract: Purpose: To quantitatively measure the flow, nonflow, density, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) assessment tool parameters of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with nonocul...
TL;DR: OCTA provides objective documentation about FAZ and vessel density features in patients using long-term HCQ therapy before toxicity begins, and it can be used as a screening tool for detecting early changes in the macula.
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to quantitatively compare both the vessel density of macular capillary plexuses and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas of patients receiving hydroxychloroquine...