Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Neurobiology in 2020"

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss how capturing the postures of animals-pose estimation has been rapidly advancing with new deep learning methods, and they envision that the fast-paced development of new deep-learning tools will rapidly change the landscape of realizable real-world neuroscience.

TL;DR: Knowing the genetics of AD is far from complete, and larger and more diverse genetic studies are required, and post-GWAS analyses will be needed to make sense of this genetic information without focusing too much on what the authors think they know about the disease.

TL;DR: Emerging evidence points to a pro-resolution role of macrophages in inflammation and pain, and targeting macrophage-nociceptor interactions will help to control inflammation andPain.

TL;DR: The recent insights from human studies and animal models on the bi-directional communication along the microbiome-gut-brain axis in both acute and chronic brain diseases are discussed.

TL;DR: How changes in the commensal microbiota influence the normal development of the HPA axis is described and recent findings describing the essential crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the H PA axis are reviewed, suggesting a role for the maternal and commensals microbiota in the development ofThe HPAaxis and of the stress response.

TL;DR: Progress over the past five years has heralded the emergence of a comprehensive, mechanistic model of an endogenous axon degenerative process that can be activated by both injury and disease, which may enable axon-protective therapies for a variety of human neurodegenerative diseases.

TL;DR: It is concluded that further deep molecular analyses of the disease, including the mechanisms of β-amyloidosis, will enable more effective clinical trials and ultimately achieve the progress that patients so deserve.

TL;DR: The heterogeneity between studies precludes conclusions regarding differences in microbiota composition in mental disease and health and many of the studies are limited by a cross-sectional design, small sample sizes and multiple comparisons, so well-designed longitudinal studies with larger sample size, accounting for confounders are needed.

TL;DR: The results support the idea that egocentric sensory information, derived from primary sensory cortical areas, may be transformed to allocentric representations that interact with the allocentric hippocampal system.

TL;DR: Common diseases such as dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementias, are still without reliable diagnostic biomarkers, although emerging techniques show promising pilot results for some of these diseases.

TL;DR: A nomenclature system is proposed that allows identifying the existing alpha-synuclein polymorphs and that will allow to incorporate additional high-resolution structures determined in the future.

TL;DR: It appears that a large proportion of the brain's energy and coding capacity is used to represent ongoing behavior; understanding the function of these representations should therefore be a major goal in neuroscience research.

TL;DR: It is argued that FNNs are a special case of RNNs and that computational neuroscientists and engineers should engage recurrence to understand how brains and machines can achieve greater and more flexible computational depth.

TL;DR: Recent results controlling visual perception with targeted holographic manipulation of cortical ensembles by stimulating pattern completion neurons are reviewed, which could enable control of brain states in health and disease.

TL;DR: The fundamental processes that are necessary for active zone assembly are outlined and recent advances in understanding assembly mechanisms that arise from genetic, morphological and biochemical studies are discussed.

TL;DR: This work discusses three avenues of research that are overcoming limitation in the adoption of transdiagnostic research designs, and provides a framework for tying these subfields together that draws on tools from machine learning and network science.

TL;DR: This review aims to highlight the diversity of synaptotagmins, offers a concise summary of key findings on all isoforms, and discusses different ways of grouping these.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the interaction of diet with the microbiome is at the core of most mechanisms by which gut microbes affect host brain function.

TL;DR: It is proposed that the outputs of the DG and proximal CA3 work as a functional unit for pattern separation, while distal CA3 forms an autoassociative network for pattern completion and form interconnected, parallel processing circuits to support accurate memory storage and retrieval.

TL;DR: There is mounting evidence that neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated neurofilaments are abnormal in a host of neurodegenerative diseases and what the authors know about how these biomarkers relate to in vivo white matter pathology and each other is examined.

TL;DR: The latest data on the role of nanoscale and dynamic organization of AMPA type glutamate receptors on synaptic transmission at both basal state and during short and long-term plasticities are reviewed.

TL;DR: The emerging evidence supports a need for more nuanced analysis of synaptic plasticity in the context of subcellular resource availability and developmental stage and variation in the availability of local resources of endosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes.

TL;DR: Recent work to understand brain-wide interactions using multi- Region 'network of networks' models are reviewed and the importance of multi-region recordings are emphasized, suggesting that studying individual components in isolation will be insufficient to understand the neural basis of behavior.

TL;DR: This work proposes a formal framework for how reinforcement in cortico-basal ganglia circuits acts on the neural dynamics of cortical populations and proposes two parallel mechanisms: i) fast reinforcement which selects the inputs that permit the re-entrance of the particular cortical population dynamics which naturally produced the desired behavior, and ii) slower reinforcement which leads to refinement of cortex population dynamics and more reliable production of neural trajectories driving skillful behavior on-demand.

TL;DR: It is becoming clear that the periaqueductal gray integrates brain-wide information that can modulate escape initiation to generate flexible defensive behaviors.

TL;DR: Face representations differ qualitatively across faces areas, and some of the transformations between face areas, both feed-forward and feed-back, and the computational principles behind face representations and transformations are understood.

TL;DR: It is argued that the piriform cortex produces a multiplexed odor code that allows non-interfering representations of distinct features of the odor stimulus to facilitate odor recognition and learning, which ultimately drives behavior.

TL;DR: The human and animal research on three of the main ways that central plasticity affects cochlear implant outcomes are reviewed.

TL;DR: This hypothesis suggests that landmarkrelated signals are processed by areas biased to the central field, and self-motion related signals are processing by areas bias to the peripheral field.

TL;DR: Here, multivariate statistical methods that have been, or could be, applied to this class of recordings are reviewed and how to interpret the outputs of these methods to further the understanding of inter-areal interactions is discussed.