Showing papers in "IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine in 2012"
TL;DR: The paper presents an introduction of the primary automotive component standards and CISPR 25 and the ISO 11452-2 are analyzed since they are the basis for most other standards.
Abstract: This paper compiles similarities and differences among Automotive EMC Standards. In particular, the paper concentrates on EMC standards dedicated to testing automotive components. The paper presents an introduction of the primary automotive component standards. Based on this introduction, CISPR 25 and the ISO 11452-2 are analyzed since they are the basis for most other standards. The anechoic chamber requirements are studied in detail.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the de-embedding error due to in-accurate fixture characterization is analyzed and examples are given to show that for test fixtures with large insertion loss and return loss, a small error in the fixture characterization can lead to significantly largererror in the deembedded result of the DUT.
Abstract: Making high quality vector network analyzer (VNA) measurement is relatively easy with standard coaxial connectors. However, in RF or high speed interconnect applications, test fixtures are usually required to connect the standard coaxial connectors to the device under test (DUT). The test fixtures need to be characterized first and then de-embedded to reveal the measured S parameters of the DUT. A good test fixture design is critical to the measurement accuracy of DUT. In this paper, the de-embedding error due to in-accurate fixture characterization is analyzed. Examples are given to show that for test fixtures with large insertion loss and return loss, a small error in the fixture characterization can lead to significantly larger error in the deembedded result of the DUT.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the proposed EMI filter topology for optimal performance is explained, with good accuracy of both amplitude and phase of termination impedances, an EMI filtering can be designed systematically to give optimal performance.
Abstract: In the first two parts of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter design series, the conducted EMI generation mechanism and the method on the measurement of noise source impedances of a switched-mode power supply were described. In this final part, the selection of filter topology for optimal performance is explained. With good accuracy of both amplitude and phase of termination impedances, an EMI filter can be designed systematically to give optimal performance.
26 citations
TL;DR: This paper discusses the development of aircraft EMC from its beginning finishing with a discussion of the challenges currently facing the various standardisation committees.
Abstract: This paper discusses the development of aircraft EMC from its beginning finishing with a discussion of the challenges currently facing the various standardisation committees. Aircraft EMC requirements have undergone a process of continuous change driven by the ever increasing Electromagnetic (EM) Environment, both in terms of amplitude and frequency range, and the increasing use of electronics in the aircraft systems critical functions.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of EMC, bundled with power quality (PQ) in the context of the smart grid and why EMC must be co-addressed as the future smart grid takes shape.
Abstract: With the onset of the smart grid, electric utilities and their customers are engaged in millions of dollars of research on smart grid technologies. There are hundreds of smart grid topics being studied by dozens of organizations including the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). One of the topics in the electric utility industry that has been (and still is) of significant importance to utilities is power quality (PQ). The reliable and compatible performance of end-use equipment requires, in part, quality power at the power frequencies of 50 or 60 hertz up to about 3 kHz. Compatibility with the surrounding electromagnetic environment above 3 kHz (i.e., up to 10 GHz and beyond) is also a must in today's changing environment. Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is paramount if electronic loads - used to operate the grid and in customer facilities - are to interoperate with the power system and other loads on the grid. This article will help the reader to understand why EMC, bundled with PQ, must be co-addressed as the smart grid takes shape in the next few decades.
24 citations
TL;DR: Experimental measurements and analysis of RF interference between a passive RFID system and a generic frequency hopping communications system in the 902 MHz to 928 MHz ISM radio band show susceptibility of the RFID backscatter link to sources operating within regulatory limits and characterization of the performance asymmetry between the systems.
Abstract: We present experimental measurements and analysis of RF interference between a passive RFID system and a generic frequency hopping communications system in the 902 MHz to 928 MHz ISM radio band. Interference in both directions is considered, RFID to communications and vice-versa, and interference mitigation strategies are assessed. Variables of interest include transmission power, antenna locations and polarization, and frequency hopping channel bandwidth and dwell time. Among the findings are the susceptibility of the RFID backscatter link to sources operating within regulatory limits, characterization of the performance asymmetry between the systems, and the constructive effect of interference to RFID at low powers.
18 citations
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TL;DR: This paper surveys the sources of EMI in rail transit from propulsion and auxiliary power systems, and the potential disruption of track signaling and train control systems that can result.
Abstract: Rail transit systems around the world benefit from increasingly sophisticated systems for electric propulsion, auxiliary power, control, and signaling. Applying these systems cost-effectively requires interoperability standards and testing procedures that guarantee EMC. This paper surveys the sources of EMI in rail transit from propulsion and auxiliary power systems, and the potential disruption of track signaling and train control systems that can result. U.S. and European standards for design and testing of rail transit system equipment are reviewed. Standards and test procedures for radiated interference in rail transit systems are reviewed, and EMI/EMC challenges are noted.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of the application of EMC principles to the Smart Grid, and indicate where the EMC standards can best be applied and which are the main committees identifying these standards.
Abstract: There has been a desire for a long time to increase the efficiency of the way in which power is generated and delivered to customers. While there are many aspects to solve this desire, many of them entail the ability to know what power is used and when it is used and by whom. The point of common information is at the common power usage meter that resides on the outside wall of structures. From an EMC perspective, such devices should withstand the RF environment where they are located. The use of EMC standards and appropriate test levels are critical to the survivability of the intelligence that flows in both directions through the power meter. That intelligence has been identified as making the meter “smart” and hence the power grid “smart”. Moreover, this has been identified as the Smart Meter and the Smart Grid, respectively. This short paper provides an overview of the application of EMC principles to the Smart Grid. It will indicate where the EMC standards can best be applied and which are the main committees identifying these standards. It is not an exhaustive review as it is intended to highlight the topic with papers that follow providing much more detail.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the nonlinearity of capacitors and suggested improved tradeoff between ESD protection and data bandwidth by using the antiferroelectric (AFE) capacitors as ESDprotection.
Abstract: In order to protect electronic products from Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) damage, multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) are often used to bypass the transient ESD energy. Most dielectric materials used in MLCC are nonlinear, since the dielectric constant decreases with increasing voltage, reducing the capacitance value, thus degrading the ESD protection effect. Using a large initial capacitance value will ensure sufficient ESD protection; however, the shunt capacitors also limit the signal bandwidth of the ESD-protected data channel, thus setting a maximal capacitance value at data voltage levels. This paper investigates the nonlinearity of capacitors and suggests improved tradeoff between ESD protection and data bandwidth by using the Antiferroelectric (AFE) capacitors as ESD protection. The dielectric constant of AFE material increases with increasing voltage. The voltage dependence of X7R and AFE capacitors are measured using static and nanosecond transient measurements. The ESD protection effectiveness with different material capacitors are compared by simulation. Due to very limited availability of suitable AFE material samples only hand-made capacitors have tested without investigating the long term stability of the material.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a measurement method for the noise source impedance of an SMPS was proposed, which allows accurate extraction of the common-mode and differential mode equivalent noise source impedances of a SMPS under it actual operating conditions.
Abstract: In the first part of the EMI filter design series, the conducted EMI generation mechanism was explained. In this second part, a method on the measurement of noise source impedance of SMPS will be described. The proposed measurement method allows accurate extraction of the common-mode and differential mode equivalent noise source impedances of a SMPS under it actual operating conditions.
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential for electromagnetic interference between multi-channel, FCC Part 15 UHF (902-928 MHz) emitters and devices that have passed immunity requirements under international standards is examined.
Abstract: The potential for electromagnetic (EM) interference between multi-channel, FCC Part 15 UHF (902-928 MHz) ISM (Industiral, Scientific, and Medical) [1] emitters and devices that have passed immunity requirements under international standards [2] is examined. At close ranges, the fields from a Part 15.247 compliant emitter may exceed minimum standard immunity testing levels. This does not imply interference will occur, only that the device may not be qualified to operate in the EM environment near the emitter. Some recent studies have shown minimal interference between Section 15.247 equipment and commercial devices [3, 4]. Other studies have indicated that (EU) UHF interference potential can exist [5, 6]. The range at which Part 15 devices may pose a risk to electronic devices compliant with standard immunity regulations is estimated and compared to these studies. Because Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), especially passive UHF RFID, emitters may be deployed in numerous locations and in close proximity to many devices, it has been the focus of many of the studies of interference potential. RFID emitters may be one of the largest populations of the Part 15 devices, but the EMI potential of general Section 15.247 emitters is addressed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an approach to integrate striplines into the physics-based via model, which can be located at any layer of the stackup and they may constitute both single and multiconductor transmission lines.
Abstract: In the first article of this series, principles and methods of physics-based via modeling were discussed. It was shown how the electromagnetic behavior of vias can be captured by an equivalent circuit based modeling approach that describes all relevant full-wave effects. In this follow-up article, the authors present an approach to integrate striplines into the physics-based via model. The striplines can be located at any layer of the stackup and they may constitute both single and multiconductor transmission lines. The integration of striplines extends the via representation to a full, efficient interconnect model of, for instance, printed circuit board signal links. An intuitive integration approach at a circuit simulator level and application examples are discussed in this article as well.
TL;DR: In this article, the high-frequency behavior of thruhole vias enclosed by solid reference planes in packages and printed circuit boards is discussed and some efficient modeling alternatives for signal and power integrity applications.
Abstract: This article discusses the high-frequency behavior of thru-hole vias enclosed by solid reference planes in packages and printed circuit boards and reviews some efficient modeling alternatives for signal and power integrity applications. The electromagnetic behavior of vias, including the excitation of parallel-plate modes and the role of return vias, is introduced as preamble to the modeling approaches. The physics-based via model and its building blocks are then discussed. The last section reviews some improvements to the via model, covering intrinsic models for the near field of vias and the utilization of contour integral and multiple scattering methods.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the many published technical papers relating to the measurement of IC emissions using a 1 GHz TEM cell or GTEM cell modified to accept an IC test board and a basis for correlation between these IC level measurements and module level RF emissions is provided.
Abstract: This paper reviews some of the many published technical papers relating to the measurement of IC emissions using a 1 GHz TEM cell or GTEM cell modified to accept an IC test board and provides a basis for correlation between these IC level measurements and module level RF emissions. We will follow the development of this methodology from the early investigations through the later applications to show the viability of the technique for IC qualification. Developments over time have shown that this method of IC emission measurement is repeatable, correlatable to other methods and provides, within limits, useful prediction of module level RF emissions performance.
TL;DR: This paper will show results of this comparison for different system configurations and channel models and provide an indication of the suitability of these systems for evaluating MIMO device performance.
Abstract: Over-the-air performance testing of MIMO wireless devices requires the simulation of an RF environment similar to that experienced in the real world. There are a number of standardized spatial channel models that are considered acceptable for evaluating MIMO performance of LTE devices. A number of different methods have been proposed for generating MIMO test environments, but the ability of those methods to reproduce a target wireless channel, and the results they produce, vary. There are several methods for evaluating a spatial channel that are useful validation tools if the goal is to produce a specific known environment. This paper will present the results from several of those for different test cases. In addition, a set of reference device antenna systems have been developed to allow one MIMO radio to be tested with antennas designed for "good", "nominal", and "bad" performance. In this way, the ability of a MIMO test system to provide a relative distinction between different levels of device performance may be assessed. This paper will show results of this comparison for different system configurations and channel models and provide an indication of the suitability of these systems for evaluating MIMO device performance.
TL;DR: In this paper, a paradigm shift from module or component level testing to complete EMC system level testing is proposed. But, comprehensive EMC testing of hybrid and electric vehicle batteries is difficult and time consuming.
Abstract: Hybrid and electric vehicle batteries are actually an Energy Storage System whose internal module functions include: battery monitoring and control, DC to DC convertor(s), an internal battery charger and internal battery cooling control. As a result, comprehensive EMC testing requires a paradigm shift from module or component level testing to complete EMC system level testing.
TL;DR: The EMC course at City University of Hong Kong (CUPH) as mentioned in this paper was introduced as an undergraduate course in 1994, prior to the effective date of implementation of EMC Directive 89/336/EEC in 1996.
Abstract: EMC compliance is a mandatory requirement for electronic and electrical devices export to European countries and the USA. Hong Kong is an export-oriented city with 23% of the total export in electronic and electrical products; knowledge in EMC design and standards are highly desirable to engineers in Hong Kong. To cater for these particular needs of the local industry, EMC was introduced as an undergraduate course in 1994, prior to the effective date of implementation of EMC Directive 89/336/EEC in 1996. After 15-years of development and modification, the EMC course has now become one of the most popular postgraduate courses in Hong Kong. The course includes lectures, EMC standard interpretation, case studies, together with an emphasis on the hands-on experience of EMC tests and facilities in the EMC test laboratory. In this paper, a summary of the development of the EMC course at the City University of Hong Kong in the last decade are presented, and some possible future EMC needs are discussed at the end.
TL;DR: In this paper, the threats and impacts of high power electromagnetic (HPEM) environments on power grids throughout the world and further introduces the implications of making the power grid "smarter" through the introduction of additional electronics and communications.
Abstract: This summary article focuses on the threats and impacts of High Power Electromagnetic (HPEM) environments on power grids throughout the world and further introduces the implications of making the power grid “smarter” through the introduction of additional electronics and communications. A full paper on this topic has been accepted for the EMC Europe Conference and will be published in September 2012. Those interested in further details should consult that paper, which also includes detailed references.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a method for measuring UHF RFID tag differential RCS that is based on accurately characterizing the reflection states of a modulated load, accounting for transmission losses between the load and an antenna, and using a well-known low gain antenna.
Abstract: We present a method for measuring ultra-high frequency radio-frequency identification (UHF RFID) tag differential RCS that has the potential for being easier and more accurate than current and proposed methods [1-2]. Our method is based on accurately characterizing the reflection states of a modulated load, accounting for transmission losses between the load and an antenna, and using a well-known, low gain antenna. This has the benefit of using a well characterized “golden tag” reference (i.e., repeatability), while being more linear in power response, independent of reader signal, and independent of manufacturer or process changes. Characterizations of the losses in the reference scatterer allow for direct comparisons between tags on different test beds.
Journal Article•
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the idea of inductance beyond the normal discussion of the need for a loop of current before the term ''inductance'' has any meaning.
Abstract: Welcome to Design Tips! In past issues, we have discussed many aspects of EMC design, including inductance. In my opinion, inductance is the second most misunderstood thing within electrical engineering, and especially EMC. (The first most misunderstood thing is `ground'). In this issue, I'll explore the idea of inductance beyond the normal discussion of the need for a loop of current before the term `inductance' has any meaning. The loop area is still the most important determining factor for inductance, but there is a secondary factor that is often overlooked.
TL;DR: In this paper, two interlaboratory comparison schemes on electromagnetic field measurements are presented, one involves measurements of the electric field produced by a scale transmission line and of the magnetic field generated by a medium voltage cable, whereas the second one involves measuring the high frequency electromagnetic fields level and calculation of the total exposure ratio in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations and antennas transmitting in the radio and TV frequency bands.
Abstract: This paper presents two interlaboratory comparison schemes on electromagnetic field measurements. The first scheme involves measurements of the electric field produced by a scale transmission line and of the magnetic field produced by a medium voltage cable, whereas the second scheme involves measurements of the high frequency electromagnetic fields level and calculation of the total exposure ratio in the vicinity of mobile phone base stations and antennas transmitting in the radio and TV frequency bands. The measurements procedure and the calculation of the performance statistics z scores are analyzed for both schemes. Emphasis is given to the evaluation of the results, in order to investigate possible improvements on the overall implementation of the schemes and error factors related to the equipment and the measurement procedures of the participants.
TL;DR: In this article, an electromagnetic interaction was observed with a large crane and an AM broadcast transmitter during the construction phase of a wind power plant in Turkey, which resulted in large current levels which posed health hazards to the workers.
Abstract: During the construction phase of a wind power plant in Turkey, an electromagnetic interaction was observed with a large crane and an AM broadcast transmitter. The interaction resulted in large current levels which posed health hazards to the workers. Initial grounding measures were not sufficient. In order to quantify the current levels, to assess the degree of the hazard and to find a practical remedy to the problem, the phenomenon is modeled and different cases with different worker configurations are analyzed. The analysis results emphasize the importance of the insulation and local grounding.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assume that a porcelain insulator supporting a section of the high voltage power line is exposed due to a buildup of sea salt, and that the relays monitoring this transmission line detect this abnormally high current, and close their "trip" contacts.
Abstract: When a short circuit occurs in a transmission substation (usual definition - voltages above 100,000 volts), the resulting fault current is spectacular. In some substations, it may be as high as 80,000 amperes. Let's assume the fault was caused by the flashover of a porcelain insulator supporting a section of the high voltage power line a few towers away from the substation, due to a buildup of sea salt. The protective relays monitoring this transmission line detect this abnormally high current, and close their “trip” contacts - which then cause both the high voltage circuit breakers connected to this transmission line to open - and thus “clear the fault”. But while the fault exists, this high current is flowing from the tower to ground, then through the earth back to the substation. And since there is a finite (non-zero) resistance to “true earth ground”, this causes the entire substation ground matt voltage to rise. However, this is a 60 Hertz voltage, and adequate insulation - in control circuits and electromechanical protective relays - for this well recognized “ground potential rise” has been defined for years in protective relay standards (e.g. ANSI C37.90).
TL;DR: The most frequently-used approximate model for predicting crosstalk is referred to as the Jarvis model after its original publisher in 1963, which uses three approximations that simplify the result.
Abstract: The coupled transmission-line equations for a three-conductor, lossless transmission line are solved in symbolic form for its crosstalk voltages using various approximations [1, 2]. The most frequently-used approximate model for predicting crosstalk is referred to as the Jarvis model after its original publisher in 1963 [3]. The Jarvis model uses three approximations that simplify the result. One of the approximations requires that all four line terminations be matched which is unrealistic for virtually all crosstalk problems.
TL;DR: Free-field test methods for wireless electronic safety equipment that replicate field-test conditions in a laboratory environment that can be used to verify the performance of wireless devices, such as those used by emergency responders, in the presence of known attenuation and under RF interference conditions are described.
Abstract: We describe the development of free-field test methods for wireless electronic safety equipment that replicate field-test conditions in a laboratory environment The test methods can be used to verify the performance of wireless devices, such as those used by emergency responders, in the presence of known attenuation and under RF interference conditions The test methods presented here were developed to support the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the revision of NFPA 1982: Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems (PASS), but would be applicable to other types of RF-based equipment as well In Part 1, we illustrate methods for extracting performance metrics from a series of field tests conducted by NIST researchers In Part 2, we replicate the key field-test conditions in the laboratory and verify device performance under those conditions
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a sample of interference issues and the metrology to improve test methods and procedures necessary to support this evolving technology and present a special topic section on RFID.
Abstract: The application of RFID encompasses a variety of advancing technologies and is continuously evolving. This special topic section on RFID presents a sample of interference issues, and the metrology to improve test methods and procedures necessary to support this evolving technology.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an impulsive noise measurement procedure which consists of taking radio signal samples from both horizontal and vertical polarizations simultaneously; a detecting threshold is set in one polarization, when this threshold is exceeded the impulsive noises are analyzed in the other one.
Abstract: When measuring impulsive noise on a radio communication channel, other noises and signals come up mixed with it. As impulsive noise is a high amplitude electromagnetic event, the usual method to spot it is to set an amplitude threshold so as to considering impulsive noise arrival whenever the received signal exceeds the threshold. However, weak amplitude impulsive noise would not be detected using this procedure, besides, occasional surging of other signals would be erroneously considered as being impulsive noise. In this paper we present an impulsive noise measurement procedure which consists of taking radio signal samples from both horizontal and vertical polarizations simultaneously; a detecting threshold is set in one polarization, when this threshold is exceeded the impulsive noise is analyzed in the other one.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the measurements commonly performed on a high speed backplane in order to increase the data throughput among the connected boards, and describe how these backplanes have to be well designed and checked to avoid equipment failures.
Abstract: Electro/optical telecom equipment commonly use high speed digital backplanes in order to increase the data throughput among the connected boards. These backplanes have to be well designed and checked to avoid equipment failures. This paper describes the measurements commonly performed on a high speed backplane.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conjugate the academic rigor with satisfying practical needs and questions, and offer a wide perspective into the complex world of electromagnetic measurements and, in particular, near-field measurements.
Abstract: The aim of this book, that conjugates the academic rigor with satisfying practical needs and questions, is to offer a wide perspective into the complex world of electromagnetic measurements and, in particular, near-field measurements.