Showing papers in "Neuroscience in 2012"

TL;DR: How epidemiological data may help to validate a specific model with data linking a lower risk of developing PD with nutritional/consumption habits or with a specific chronic drug therapy is discussed.

TL;DR: A growing effort has been put forth trying to assess pain in rats or mice, rather than nociceptive reflexes, or at studying complex states affected by chronic pain, to further improve the translational value of preclinical research.

TL;DR: The significance of this heterogeneity for clinical disordersExpressing impulsive behaviour and the pivotal contribution made by the brain dopamine and serotonin systems in the aetiology and treatment of behavioural syndromes expressing impulsive symptoms are discussed.

TL;DR: The meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies using CVS, GVS, and auditory stimuli reveals that Ri, parietal operculum and posterior insula are vestibular regions where afferents converge from otoliths and semicircular canals, and may thus be involved in the processing of signals informing about body rotations, translations and tilts.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that both aerobic and resistance exercise can employ divergent molecular mechanisms but achieve similar results on learning and spatial memory.

TL;DR: Overall, the current level of information indicates that endocannabinoid signaling acts to suppress HPA axis activity through concerted actions within the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

TL;DR: The results indicate that rutin attenuates STZ-induced inflammation by reducing the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kB, and preventing the morphological changes in hippocampus.

TL;DR: The effects of regular exercise versus a single bout of exercise on cognition, anxiety, and mood were systematically examined in healthy, sedentary young adults to determine brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) allelic status, indicating that altered activity-dependent release of BDNF in Met allele carriers may attenuate the cognitive benefits of exercise.

TL;DR: The results suggest that chronic, partial inhibition of mTOR by oral rapamycin enhances learning and memory in young adults, maintains memory in old C57BL/6J mice, and has concomitant anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects, possibly by stimulating major monoamine pathways in brain.

TL;DR: The conclusion is confirmed and extended that environmental enrichment alone does not significantly increase hippocampal neurogenesis or bestow spatial learning benefits in male C57BL/6J mice, even when the modalities of enrichment are very broad.

TL;DR: Findings indicate that enhanced neuroinflammation may contribute to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease patients carrying LRRK2 mutations.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined resected human hippocampus tissue for a variety of changes including gliosis that might contribute to the development and presentation of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and found that activation of astrocytes was significantly increased in epileptic tissue as compared to corresponding regions of the control group.

TL;DR: Prophylactic dosing with two drugs that are known to protect mitochondria, acetyl-l-carnitine and olesoxime, significantly reduced the development of pain hypersensitivity and support the hypothesis that these two agents produce very similar conditions because they have a mitotoxic effect on primary afferent neurons.

TL;DR: It turns out that modeling compulsive cocaine use in rats is possible but more difficult than previously thought, and resilience to cocaine addiction is the norm in rats.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided that adolescent binge drinking leads to persistent upregulation of innate immune danger signaling in the adult PFC that correlates with adult neurocognitive dysfunction.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that endocannabinoid signaling could be dysfunctional in a number of mental disorders is suggested and further studies are encouraged to encourage further studies in this very interesting and important area.

TL;DR: A rapid and lasting antidepressant-like effect of a low ketamine dose in WKY rat model of depression is indicated and the increase in AMPA/NMDA receptor density in the hippocampus could be a contributory factor to behavioral effects of ketamine.

TL;DR: Concomitant classical activation and acquired deactivation phenotypes of microglia in diffuse TBI in the absence of overt contusion or cavitation are demonstrated and anti-inflammatory treatment may further alleviate the neuropathological burden of post-traumatic inflammation.

TL;DR: An improved understanding of the strengths and limitations of existing, and emerging, morphometric approaches will greatly facilitate efforts to understand how microglia remodel themselves in response to the full spectrum of challenges that they are known to encounter.

TL;DR: The results suggest that long-term physical exercise can comprises antioxidant properties and by this way protect neurons against oxidative stress at the early stage of aging.

TL;DR: It is shown unequivocally that the neurochemical and anatomical substrates responsible for the perception and processing of pleasurable stimuli within the striatum are also activated by tail pinch, a classical painful and aversive stimulus.

TL;DR: Results are consistent with the hypothesized delineation between wanting and liking, supporting the notion that wanting, but not liking, is processed through the dopaminergic reward pathway.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the effect of GRb1 on the key elements of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, such as inflammatory cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and transcriptional factor.

TL;DR: The findings show that stress during development increased dendritic branching, length, and spine density in the NAc, and subregions of the PFC, and the effect of PS on neuroanatomy was more robust than MS despite the shorter duration and intensity.

TL;DR: Results indicate that naringin might be beneficial in mitigating 3-NP-induced neurodegeneration through the enhancement of phase II and antioxidant gene expressions via Nrf2 activation; thereby modulating the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.

TL;DR: This study indicates that activation of autophagic pathways reduces early brain injury after SAH, and this neuroprotective effect is likely exerted by anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

TL;DR: Findings show a musician enhancement for the neural processing of speech and reveal a biological mechanism contributing to musicians' enhanced speech perception in noise.

TL;DR: It is suggested that chronic systemic inflammation induces deficits in the hippocampal LTP in middle-aged rats through neuroinflammation mainly induced by microglia, and Minocycline, a known inhibitor of microglial activation, was systemically administered significantly restoring the mean magnitudes of both PTP and LTP.

TL;DR: Clinical studies support and confirm the obtained findings in animal models and lead to propose that mice lacking CB1 cannabinoid receptor could represent a validate and appropriate model to evaluate depressive-like disorders in animals.

TL;DR: The results suggest that the aforementioned multiple inflammatory cytokines and mediators that may be linked to the pathogenesis of the diabetes complications of CNS are induced by HG via the key signaling pathways.