Showing papers in "Toxicon in 1997"

TL;DR: The isolation, culture and toxicity characterisation of Cylindrospermopsis from a water bloom in a small lake in NSW, Australia is described and is suggestive of other toxic compounds in this isolate.

TL;DR: Neoplastic nodules were observed in mice liver treated with microcystin-LR (MCLR) by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route over 28 weeks and when 80 micrograms/kg was orally administered 100 times, characteristic chronic injuries such as fibrous changes and nodule formation were not observed.

TL;DR: A governmental task force enabled identification of the origin and nature of the toxin that provoked such a phenomenon, and future monitoring is recommended to avoid a larger impact of domoic acid spreading and the occurrence of similar toxic events.

TL;DR: In vivo experiments demonstrated a high organotropy of microcystins for the liver, where rapid and total inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 and 2A activity was observed, and liver damage continued to progress despite this renewed proteinosphatase activity.

TL;DR: Ten natural bloom samples of cyanobacteria from the Danish lakes Knud sø, Ravn sø and Salten Langsø collected during 1993-1995 were assayed for toxicity by mouse bioassay, for acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity by a colorimetric method, and for microcystins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

TL;DR: Direct evidence was provided for the existence of covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues in vivo and it is concluded that in any shellfish monitoring program it is the total tissuemicrocystin burden that needs to be considered.

TL;DR: The approaches employed to characterize, quantify and investigate the actions of the BoNTs are examined to provide a guide to aid investigators in determining which of these methods is most appropriate for their particular application or use.

TL;DR: Results suggested that chlorination at an adequate chlorine dose is very effective for the removal of microcystin in raw water, and preoxidation of the cell itself with chlorine must be avoided, because it frequently causes toxin release from algae and produce trihalomethanes during water treatment.

TL;DR: The presence of different families of ciguatoxins in ciguateric fish from the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean probably underlies the clinical differences in the ciguatora syndrome reported in these two regions.

TL;DR: Venoms and isolated toxins from scorpions of the genus Tityus were shown to enhance the secretory activity of the pancreas and show cross-reactivity with other species of the Brazilian scorpions.

TL;DR: Cyanobacterial blooms implicated in bird kills at lakes in Denmark in July 1993 and June-July 1994 were shown to contain a neurotoxin with anticholinesterase activity, first reported in Anabaena flos-aquae.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that saxitoxins can be detected in human biological specimens, that nanomolar serum toxin levels may cause serious illness and that human metabolism of toxin may occur.

TL;DR: This study established that A. minutum from the Bay of Plenty contains saxitoxins, has a unique toxin composition compared to all other isolates of this species, and was responsible for at least part of the PSP toxicity measured in shellfish during the 1993 outbreak.

TL;DR: The findings indicate that the receptor binding assay has a strong predictive value for toxicity determined by mouse bioassay, and that this approach warrants consideration as a rapid, reliable and cost-effective alternative to live animal testing for detection and estimation of PSP-related toxicity in seafood and toxic algae.

TL;DR: This is the first identification of anatoxin-a in Irish freshwater and this toxin was also implicated as the causative agent in incidents of fatal canine neurotoxicosis.

TL;DR: The high-affinity binding of convulxin appears specific to platelets, since it is not observed on other cell types such as neutrophils and erythrocytes, and together with the recent observation that platelet activation by convULxin is partially mediated by phospholipase C and involves other mechanisms as well, indicates that convulXin may interact with a specific platelet acceptor (receptor) protein which has yet to be characterized.

TL;DR: An important individual variability was observed in the humoral immune response, as judged not only by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, but also by assessing the neutralization of the indirect hemolytic activity of venoms.

TL;DR: Results indicate that both melittin and bee venomPLA2 are capable of inducing necrosis of skeletal muscle cells upon i.m. injection, and that the catalytic and myotoxic activities of bee venom PLA2 are inihibited by p-BPB.

TL;DR: The major toxins were shown to be yessotoxin, identified by its chromatographic properties and spectral data, and okadaic acid, detected both by fluorometric high-performance liquid chromatography and by comparison of its spectral properties with those of an authentic sample.

TL;DR: The metabolism of microcystin-LR was extensively metabolized to compounds that are more polar than the parent compound, and MeOH liver extracts were assayed by both phosphatase assay and 14C counts and the results compared with the total levels of incorporation determined by digestion and subsequent 14C counting of the same live tissues.

TL;DR: Leukocyte accumulation in the locality of a lesion induced by BjV is dependent on secretion or activation of endogenous components responsible for several steps in leukocyte recruitment instead of a direct effect of the venom on leukocytes.

TL;DR: The dissociation observed in lysine acetylation experiments suggests that these myotoxins have a molecular region, different from the catalytic site, which might be also involved in the toxic effects observed.

TL;DR: The results suggest that the in vivo enzymatic and histopathological alterations are due to tissue lesions evoked by the whole venom and TsTX-I, and an indirect effect by stimulation of acetylcholine and catecholamine release in the postganglionic nerve terminals cannot be excluded.

TL;DR: There is an urgent need to develop more potent specific antivenoms and to treat the dramatic and life-threatening cardiovascular symptoms of bushmaster envenoming.

TL;DR: Isodomoic acids G and H, two new isomers of the neurotoxin domoic acid, were isolated from a red alga, Chondria armata, collected at the southern tip of Kyushu Island.

TL;DR: The results show that the lethality of the venom varies from specimen to specimen and suggest that alpha-type toxin must be the major lethal component in the whole venom.

TL;DR: Firm evidence is provided that a family of C-CTX-1 is responsible for ciguatera in the Caribbean and the victims presented with nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea and abdominal cramps after consumption.

TL;DR: The presence of haemolytic activity and alpha-chymotrypsin-like serine protease activity in the venom of the R. nomadica nematocysts is reported on.

TL;DR: Recent findings in the systematics of venomous snakes are presented, with emphasis on those which affect the nomenclature and the understanding of species limits in these animals.