Showing papers in "Trends in Microbiology in 1995"

TL;DR: Conjugative transposons are highly ubiquitous elements found throughout the bacterial world and have been found naturally in, or been introduced into, over 50 different species and 24 genera of bacteria.

TL;DR: Plant nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins stimulate the transfer of a broad range of lipids between membranes in vitro and are thought to be active plant-defense proteins.

TL;DR: Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to extraintestinal sites, such as the mesenteric-lymph-node complex, liver, spleen and bloodstream.

TL;DR: This work has shown that lipopolysaccharide O antigens are important virulence determinants for many bacteria and may be potential targets for therapeutic intervention in cell-surface assembly.

TL;DR: RTX toxins are pore-forming, cytolytic protein toxins that occur widely among pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, which have led to the development of new diagnostic and epidemiological tools, as well as vaccines, that are useful for a broad variety of serotypes.

TL;DR: Porphyromonas (formerly Bacteroides) gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe, has a diverse repertoire of virulence factors that may be involved in the induction or progression of periodontitis.

TL;DR: Evidence is rapidly accumulating that suggests that the growth and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria depend on proteolytic enzymes of the invading organism and of the host.

TL;DR: Inhibitors of the synthesis of one cell-wall component, beta-(1,3)-glucan, are currently under development as antifungal and antipneumocystis agents.

TL;DR: The yersiniae are a useful model for understanding how environmental modulation of gene expression allows pathogens to inhabit a wide range of niches and how adaptive gene expression may promote successful pathogenesis.

TL;DR: PKR may regulate cell growth and proliferation in uninfected cells, suggesting that it also participates in the antiproliferative arm of the interferon response.

TL;DR: Proteus mirabilis is best known for its pattern of swarming differentiation on agar plates, as well as for its association with the development of renal stones in patients with urinary tract infection.

TL;DR: Localized at the border between the external environment and the internal tissue, epithelial cells are exposed to stimulants from two directions and actively participate in mucosal immunity and inflammation.

TL;DR: Through a combination of cytology and molecular-genetic analysis, a picture is gradually emerging of the many interlinked processes that are required for successful infection of the plant.

TL;DR: The intravacuolar lifestyle of these pathogens and eukaryotic parasites plays a key role in pathogenesis and the molecular basis of the development of these specialized intracellular compartments is critical to understanding how these organisms cause disease.

TL;DR: It appears that structural and functional disruption of the respiratory mucosal epithelium is a major contributor to the synergistic effects of superinfection.

TL;DR: The O antigen is an extremely variable surface polysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria that is thought to allow the various clones of a species each to present a surface that offers a selective advantage in the niche occupied by that clone.

TL;DR: An imbalance in TH1-type and TH2-type responses may allow Candida albicans to modify the host response to favor its own persistence, and highlights a potential role for cytokine and anti-cytokine therapy in Candida-related pathology.

TL;DR: Re-exposure of organisms or cells to endotoxin after a previous challenge is not accompanied by the profound metabolic changes that are induced by the first encounter with endotoxin.

TL;DR: During chronic infections in cystic fibrosis, persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with conversion into forms that are characterized by a mucoid colony morphology, rough lipopolysaccharide and, paradoxically, decreased systemic virulence.

TL;DR: Genetic variation of cell-surface antigens of serogroup A meningococci arises from horizontal genetic exchange.

TL;DR: The novel concept that epithelial cells not only act as a mechanical barrier to invasive bacteria, but that they also signal the presence of invasive pathogens to the mucosal immune and inflammatory cells is suggested.

TL;DR: Filamentous phage assembly shares certain features with bacterial processes responsible for the assembly of cell-surface structures and for extracellular protein secretion.

TL;DR: Rotaviruses appear to exist as heterogeneous populations of reassortants and related variants, which is consistent with the quasispecies concept of RNA viruses, and suggests that gene reassortment is a crucial evolutionary mechanism for this segmented virus.

TL;DR: Molecular studies of cryptococcal virulence factors have contributed to the understanding of the pathobiology of this yeast, and will enable the identification of new targets for antifungal therapy.

TL;DR: Analysis of the available data on the Porphyromonas gingivalis proteinase system suggests that at most three different genes encode arginine-X- and lysine- X-specific cysteine proteinases.

TL;DR: Epstein-Barr virus is linked to several types of human cancer and immortalizes human B cells very efficiently; at least six viral genes are required for this.

TL;DR: Some of the reasons for this variability in BCG ability to protect humans against tuberculosis are examined, and ways in which BCG vaccination might be improved are discussed.

TL;DR: Virulence genes in the genus Salmonella are regulated by growth phase and by environmental signals, which allows a sequential program of expression during infection.