Showing papers in "Trends in Neurosciences in 1999"

TL;DR: This article provides a framework that can be used to generate testable hypotheses and treatment strategies that are linked to the appearance of specific pathophysiological events within the ischaemic brain.

TL;DR: It is suggested that perisynaptic Schwann cells and synaptically associated astrocytes should be viewed as integral modulatory elements of tripartite synapses.

TL;DR: This paper argues that the paradox of corticosteroid effects on cognition can be explained by appreciating the specific role of both mineralocorticoid and glucocortioid receptors in the various stages of information processing.

TL;DR: Evidence suggests that dopaminergic-neuron activation aids the organism in learning to recognize stimuli associated with internal rewarding or aversive events and long-lasting neuroadaptive changes in mesolimbic dopamine-mediated transmission that develop during chronic drug use might contribute to compulsive drug-seeking behavior and relapse.

TL;DR: The fundamental differences between the newer design-based counting techniques and previously available assumption-based techniques are described, and the distinction between an unbiased estimate and a precise estimate is described.

TL;DR: Recently, several forms of homeostatic plasticity that stabilize the properties of neural circuits have been identified, and these include mechanisms that regulate neuronal excitability, stabilize total synaptic strength, and influence the rate and extent of synapse formation.

TL;DR: A hypothetical scheme in which a sequential procedure is acquired independently by two cortical systems, one using spatial coordinates and the other using motor coordinates, which are active preferentially in the early and late stages of learning.

TL;DR: Alleviation of a range of cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms by drugs that modulate the cholinergic system, which are being developed for the treatment of AD and related disorders, could be caused by changes in consciousness.

TL;DR: Recognition that the retrosplenial cortex has a prominent role in the processing of emotionally salient stimuli invites further studies to define its specific functions and its interactions with other emotion-related brain regions.

TL;DR: This article describes how these neuroactive steroids modulate neurotransmitter receptors and addresses the neuropsychopharmacological potential that arises from the intracellular crosstalk between genomic and nongenomic steroid effects.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the initial burst of dopaminergic-neurone firing could represent an essential component in the process of switching attentional and behavioural selections to unexpected, behaviourally important stimuli and might be part of a general short-latency response that is mediated by catecholamines and prepares the organism for an appropriate reaction to biologically significant events.

TL;DR: Strong circumstantial evidence argues against a peripheral mechanism and in favour of a central mechanism, in particular signalling via the system of commissural interneurons that is present in spinal cord and brainstem, which could serve as a model system to study transmedian signalling systems.

TL;DR: Recent studies that have shown the changes induced by seizures in the level and distribution of NPY, its receptor subtypes and their respective mRNAs in rat forebrain suggest that NPY-mediated neurotransmission is altered by seizures.

TL;DR: New evidence has revealed that nAChRs also function in a postsynaptic role by mediating fast ACh-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and in the sensory cortex, and are found at somatodendritic as well as nerve terminal sites in the reward system.

TL;DR: Recent systems-based studies underscore the remarkable sensitivity and specificity of the induction of the expression of genes encoding EGR-family members in naturally occurring plasticity paradigms, but they also challenge conventional views of the role of this family in plasticity.

TL;DR: Results from studies of LTP in the amygdala provide the most-convincing evidence to date that LTP mediates learning and memory in mammals.

TL;DR: Future trials with neuroprotective drugs should be performed in stroke (care) units, after sufficient information regarding therapeutic time window, dosage, duration of therapy and safety has been gathered from pilot studies, and a better selection of target patients has been made.

TL;DR: The potential use of chemokines and their receptors as targets for therapeutic intervention in CNS disease might now have to be considered in the context of the broader physiological functions of these molecules.

TL;DR: Evidence indicates that some forms of immune-system intervention can help to protect or restore CNS integrity, and the challenge is to learn how to modify immune interactions in the traumatized CNS in order to promote its post-injury maintenance and repair.

TL;DR: The non-uniformity in the cognitive, neuromorphological and neurophysiological domains of WMS make it a compelling model for elucidating the relationships between cognition, the brain and, ultimately, the genes.

TL;DR: The study of coherent oscillations, as they appear naturally during states of vigilance in animals and humans, requires intact-brain preparations in which the neocortex and thalamus engage in a permanent dialog.

TL;DR: The neuropeptide Y orexigenic network is a final common pathway for this signaling cascade and, along with feeding-inhibitory neuropePTides such as melanocortin, corticotropin-releasing factor and glucagon-like peptide 1, is a major target through which leptin exerts a regulatory tonic restraint on body adiposity.

TL;DR: The value of studying a circuit of moderate, but tractable, complexity and known behavioral function is illustrated by studies of the giant axons of the crayfish nerve cord.

TL;DR: The auditory cortex has a crucial role in higher cognitive functions, including the perception of speech, music and auditory space, and the neural mechanisms of plasticity are likely to be the same across all cortical regions.

TL;DR: The evidence indicates that glial-derived signals are necessary for neuronal survival at crucial periods of development, that they regulate the molecular and functional specialization of axons and that they control the maturation of the perineurial sheath that protects nerves from inflammation and unwanted macro-molecules produced in the surrounding tissues.

TL;DR: New methods for identifying chromosomal regions containing genes that affect murine responses to alcohol and drugs have been used to identify many provisional quantitative trait loci (QTLs) since 1991, and candidates with relevant neurobiological function lie within the mapped region.

TL;DR: The biology of pluripotent embryonic stem cells from the mouse can be propagated in culture and differentiated into a range of tissues, including neuronal and glial cells, and some have been shown to integrate into the developing or damaged adult brain.

TL;DR: Psychophysical and electroretinographic studies in normal observers and in two rare types of observer support an analogous duality in the human visual system, the clearest signature of which is a loss of flicker visibility and ERG amplitude at frequencies near 15 Hz that results from destructive interference between sensitive 'slow' and insensitive 'fast' rod signals.

TL;DR: Recent work suggests that this regulation of membrane traffic by phosphorylation also occurs postsynaptically, where it contributes to synaptic plasticity.