Arsenic toxicity: The effects on plant metabolism
Patrick M. Finnegan,Weihua Chen +1 more
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TLDR
The two forms of inorganic arsenic, arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII), are easily taken up by the cells of the plant root Once in the cell, AsV can be readily converted to AsIII, the more toxic of the two forms AsV and AsIII both disrupt plant metabolism, but through distinct mechanisms as mentioned in this paper.Abstract:
The two forms of inorganic arsenic, arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII), are easily taken up by the cells of the plant root Once in the cell, AsV can be readily converted to AsIII, the more toxic of the two forms AsV and AsIII both disrupt plant metabolism, but through distinct mechanisms AsV is a chemical analog of phosphate that can disrupt at least some phosphate-dependent aspects of metabolism AsV can be translocated across cellular membranes by phosphate transport proteins, leading to imbalances in phosphate supply It can compete with phosphate during phosphorylation reactions, leading to the formation of AsV adducts that are often unstable and short-lived As an example, the formation and rapid autohydrolysis of AsV-ADP sets in place a futile cycle that uncouples photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, decreasing the ability of cells to produce ATP and carry out normal metabolism AsIII is a dithiol reactive compound that binds to and potentially inactivates enzymes containing closely spaced cysteine residues or dithiol co-factors Arsenic exposure generally induces the production of reactive oxygen species that can lead to the production of antioxidant metabolites and numerous enzymes involved in antioxidant defense Oxidative carbon metabolism, amino acid and protein relationships, and nitrogen and sulfur assimilation pathways are also impacted by As exposure Readjustment of several metabolic pathways, such as glutathione production, has been shown to lead to increased arsenic tolerance in plants Species- and cultivar-dependent variation in arsenic sensitivity and the remodeling of metabolite pools that occurs in response to As exposure gives hope that additional metabolic pathways associated with As tolerance will be identifiedread more
Citations
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Sodium arsenite effect on Vitis vinifera L. Physiology.
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TL;DR: The activation of grapevine defense responses by sodium arsenite could be a complementary action to fight fungal pathogens in addition to the fungicide effect.
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Inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense and exogenous application of trans-zeatin riboside alleviates arsenic induced physiological damages in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
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TL;DR: Application of tZR and wheat seed inoculation with A. brasilense could be a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy to mitigate arsenic-induced crop physiological damages.
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Arsenic Toxicity and Tolerance Mechanisms in Crop Plants
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References
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TL;DR: The scale of the problem in terms of population exposed to high As concentrations is greatest in the Bengal Basin with more than 40 million people drinking water containing ‘excessive’ As as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: The fate of the modified components, the energetic costs to the cell of replacing such components, as well as strategies to minimize transfer of oxidatively damaged components to the next generation are considered.