Beamforming Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces in Single-User MIMO Systems: SNR Distribution and Scaling Laws in the Presence of Channel Fading and Phase Noise
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In this paper, the authors consider a fading channel in which a multi-antenna transmitter communicates with a multiantenna receiver through a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that is made of ${N}$ passive scatterers impaired by phase noise.Abstract:
We consider a fading channel in which a multi-antenna transmitter communicates with a multi-antenna receiver through a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that is made of ${N}$ reconfigurable passive scatterers impaired by phase noise. The beamforming vector at the transmitter, the combining vector at the receiver, and the phase shifts of the ${N}$ scatterers are optimized in order to maximize the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) at the receiver. By assuming Rayleigh fading (or line-of-sight propagation) on the transmitter-RIS link and Rayleigh fading on the RIS-receiver link, we prove that the SNR is a random variable that is equivalent in distribution to the product of three (or two) independent random variables whose distributions are approximated by two (or one) gamma random variables and the sum of two scaled non-central chi-square random variables. The proposed analytical framework allows us to quantify the robustness of RIS-aided transmission to fading channels. For example, we prove that the amount of fading experienced on the transmitter-RIS-receiver channel linearly decreases with ${N}~\gg ~1.$ This proves that RISs of large size can be effectively employed to make fading less severe and wireless channels more reliable.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: How It Works, State of Research, and The Road Ahead
Marco Di Renzo,Alessio Zappone,Merouane Debbah,Mohamed-Slim Alouini,Chau Yuen,Julien de Rosny,Sergei A. Tretyakov +6 more
TL;DR: Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can be realized in different ways, which include (i) large arrays of inexpensive antennas that are usually spaced half of the wavelength apart; and (ii) metamaterial-based planar or conformal large surfaces whose scattering elements have sizes and inter-distances much smaller than the wavelength.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Principles and Opportunities
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art on RISs, with focus on their operating principles, performance evaluation, beamforming design and resource management, applications of machine learning to RIS-enhanced wireless networks, as well as the integration of RISs with other emerging technologies.
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Principles and Opportunities
Yuanwei Liu,Xiao Liu,Xidong Mu,Tianwei Hou,Jiaqi Xu,Zhijin Qin,Marco Di Renzo,Naofal Al-Dhahir +7 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art on RISs, with focus on their operating principles, performance evaluation, beamforming design and resource management, applications of machine learning to RIS-enhanced wireless networks, as well as the integration of RISs with other emerging technologies is provided in this article.
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Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces vs. Relaying: Differences, Similarities, and Performance Comparison
M. Di Renzo,Konstantinos Ntontin,Jian Song,Fadil Habibi Danufane,Xuewen Qian,Fotis Lazarakis,J. de Rosny,Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy,Osvaldo Simeone,Rui Zhang,Merouane Debbah,Geoffroy Lerosey,Mathias Fink,Sergei A. Tretyakov,Shlomo Shamai +14 more
TL;DR: The present paper elaborates on the key differences and similarities between RISs that are configured to operate as anomalous reflectors and relays and illustrates numerical results that highlight the spectral efficiency gains of RISs when their size is sufficiently large as compared with the wavelength of the radio waves.
Journal ArticleDOI
Terahertz Massive MIMO With Holographic Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
TL;DR: In this paper, a closed-loop channel estimation (CE) scheme was proposed to estimate the broadband channels that characterize terahertz (THz) massive MIMO systems aided by holographic RISs.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Intelligent Reflecting Surface Enhanced Wireless Network via Joint Active and Passive Beamforming
Qingqing Wu,Rui Zhang +1 more
TL;DR: Simulation results demonstrate that an IRS-aided single-cell wireless system can achieve the same rate performance as a benchmark massive MIMO system without using IRS, but with significantly reduced active antennas/RF chains.
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Wireless Communications Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces
Ertugrul Basar,Marco Di Renzo,Julien de Rosny,Merouane Debbah,Mohamed-Slim Alouini,Rui Zhang +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a detailed overview and historical perspective on state-of-the-art solutions, and elaborate on the fundamental differences with other technologies, the most important open research issues to tackle, and the reasons why the use of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces necessitates to rethink the communication-theoretic models currently employed in wireless networks.
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Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable AI meta-surfaces: an idea whose time has come
Marco Di Renzo,Merouane Debbah,Dinh-Thuy Phan-Huy,Alessio Zappone,Mohamed-Slim Alouini,Chau Yuen,Vincenzo Sciancalepore,George C. Alexandropoulos,Jakob Hoydis,Haris Gacanin,Julien de Rosny,Ahcène Bounceur,Geoffroy Lerosey,Mathias Fink +13 more
TL;DR: This paper overviews the current research efforts on smart radio environments, the enabling technologies to realize them in practice, the need of new communication-theoretic models for their analysis and design, and the long-term and open research issues to be solved towards their massive deployment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: How It Works, State of Research, and The Road Ahead
Marco Di Renzo,Alessio Zappone,Merouane Debbah,Mohamed-Slim Alouini,Chau Yuen,Julien de Rosny,Sergei A. Tretyakov +6 more
TL;DR: Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) can be realized in different ways, which include (i) large arrays of inexpensive antennas that are usually spaced half of the wavelength apart; and (ii) metamaterial-based planar or conformal large surfaces whose scattering elements have sizes and inter-distances much smaller than the wavelength.
Journal ArticleDOI
Beamforming Optimization for Wireless Network Aided by Intelligent Reflecting Surface With Discrete Phase Shifts
Qingqing Wu,Rui Zhang +1 more
TL;DR: Analytically show that as compared to the ideal case with continuous phase shifts, the IRS with discrete phase shifts achieves the same squared power gain in terms of asymptotically large number of reflecting elements, while a constant proportional power loss is incurred that depends only on the number of phase-shift levels.
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