Journal ArticleDOI
Capacitive desalination with flow-through electrodes
Matthew E. Suss,Matthew E. Suss,Theodore F. Baumann,William L. Bourcier,Christopher M. Spadaccini,Klint A. Rose,Juan G. Santiago,Michael Stadermann +7 more
TLDR
In this article, the authors proposed a flow-through electrode (FTE) capacitive desalination, where the feed water flows directly through electrodes along the primary electric field direction, which enables significant reduction in desalization time and can desalinate higher salinity feeds per charge.Abstract:
Capacitive desalination (CD) is a promising desalination technique as, relative to reverse osmosis (RO), it requires no membrane components, can operate at low (sub-osmotic) pressures, and can potentially utilize less energy for brackish water desalination. In a typical CD cell, the feed water flows through the separator layer between two electrically charged, nanoporous carbon electrodes. This architecture results in significant performance limitations, including an inability to easily (in a single charge) desalinate moderate brackish water feeds and slow, diffusion-limited desalination. We here describe an alternative architecture, where the feed flows directly through electrodes along the primary electric field direction, which we term flow-through electrode (FTE) capacitive desalination. Using macroscopic porous electrode theory, we show that FTE CD enables significant reductions in desalination time and can desalinate higher salinity feeds per charge. We then demonstrate these benefits using a custom-built FTE CD cell containing novel hierarchical carbon aerogel monoliths as an electrode material. The pore structure of our electrodes includes both micron-scale and sub-10 nm pores, allowing our electrodes to exhibit both low flow resistance and very high specific capacitance (>100 F g−1). Our cell demonstrates feed concentration reductions of up to 70 mM NaCl per charge and a mean sorption rate of nearly 1 mg NaCl per g aerogel per min, 4 to 10 times higher than that demonstrated by the typical CD cell architecture. We also show that, as predicted by our model, our cell desalinates the feed at the cell's RC timescale rather than the significantly longer diffusive timescale characteristic of typical CD cells.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Review on the science and technology of water desalination by capacitive deionization
TL;DR: Capacitive deionization (CDI) as mentioned in this paper is a promising technology for energy-efficient water desalination using porous carbon electrodes, which is made of porous carbons optimized for salt storage capacity and ion and electron transport.
Journal ArticleDOI
Water desalination via capacitive deionization : What is it and what can we expect from it?
TL;DR: Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technology for the facile removal of charged ionic species from aqueous solutions, and is currently being widely explored for water desalination applications.
Posted Content
Steric effects in the dynamics of electrolytes at large applied voltages: I. Double-layer charging
TL;DR: This two-part series considers steric effects on diffuse charge dynamics (in the absence of electro-osmotic flow) and two simple models for the charging of a thin double layer, which must form a condensed layer of close-packed ions near the surface at high voltage.
Journal ArticleDOI
Critical review of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for water treatment applications
TL;DR: Key challenges facing EAOP technologies are related to toxic byproduct formation and low electro-active surface areas and must be addressed in future research in order for EAOPs to realize their full potential for water treatment.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades
Mark A. Shannon,Paul W. Bohn,Paul W. Bohn,Menachem Elimelech,Menachem Elimelech,John G. Georgiadis,Benito J. Mariñas,Anne M. Mayes,Anne M. Mayes +8 more
TL;DR: Some of the science and technology being developed to improve the disinfection and decontamination of water, as well as efforts to increase water supplies through the safe re-use of wastewater and efficient desalination of sea and brackish water are highlighted.
Book
Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between transport properties and pore structure of porous material and presented models of pore structures with a discussion of how such models can be used to predict the transport properties of porous media.
Journal ArticleDOI
Best practice methods for determining an electrode material's performance for ultracapacitors
Meryl D. Stoller,Rodney S. Ruoff +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review and validate best practice test methods that accurately predict a material's performance, yet are flexible and quick enough to accommodate a wide range of material sample types and amounts.
Posted Content
Review of Best Practice Methods for Determining an Electrode Material's Performance for Ultracapacitors
Meryl D. Stoller,Rodney S. Ruoff +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the best practice test methods that accurately predict a materials performance, yet are flexible and quick enough to accommodate a wide range of material sample types and amounts.