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Classification and Regression by randomForest
Andy Liaw,Matthew C. Wiener +1 more
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TLDR
random forests are proposed, which add an additional layer of randomness to bagging and are robust against overfitting, and the randomForest package provides an R interface to the Fortran programs by Breiman and Cutler.Abstract:
Recently there has been a lot of interest in “ensemble learning” — methods that generate many classifiers and aggregate their results. Two well-known methods are boosting (see, e.g., Shapire et al., 1998) and bagging Breiman (1996) of classification trees. In boosting, successive trees give extra weight to points incorrectly predicted by earlier predictors. In the end, a weighted vote is taken for prediction. In bagging, successive trees do not depend on earlier trees — each is independently constructed using a bootstrap sample of the data set. In the end, a simple majority vote is taken for prediction. Breiman (2001) proposed random forests, which add an additional layer of randomness to bagging. In addition to constructing each tree using a different bootstrap sample of the data, random forests change how the classification or regression trees are constructed. In standard trees, each node is split using the best split among all variables. In a random forest, each node is split using the best among a subset of predictors randomly chosen at that node. This somewhat counterintuitive strategy turns out to perform very well compared to many other classifiers, including discriminant analysis, support vector machines and neural networks, and is robust against overfitting (Breiman, 2001). In addition, it is very user-friendly in the sense that it has only two parameters (the number of variables in the random subset at each node and the number of trees in the forest), and is usually not very sensitive to their values. The randomForest package provides an R interface to the Fortran programs by Breiman and Cutler (available at http://www.stat.berkeley.edu/ users/breiman/). This article provides a brief introduction to the usage and features of the R functions.read more
Citations
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Forested landslide detection using LiDAR data and the random forest algorithm: A case study of the Three Gorges, China
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Parallel epigenetic modifications induced by hatchery rearing in a Pacific salmon.
Jérémy Le Luyer,Jérémy Le Luyer,Martin Laporte,Terry D. Beacham,Karia H. Kaukinen,Ruth E. Withler,Jong S. Leong,Eric Rondeau,Ben F. Koop,Louis Bernatchez +9 more
TL;DR: Comparisons of genome-wide patterns of methylation and variation at the DNA level in hatchery-reared coho salmon with those of their wild counterparts in two geographically distant rivers provide evidence that the epigenetic modifications induced by hatchery rearing provide a potential explanatory mechanism for reduced fitness of hatchery -reared salmon once released in the wild.
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Logan T. Berner,R. Massey,Patruc Jantz,Bruce C. Forbes,Marc Macias-Fauria,Isla H. Myers-Smith,Timo Kumpula,Gilles Gauthier,Laia Andreu-Hayles,Benjamin V. Gaglioti,P. J. Burns,Pentti Zetterberg,Rosanne D'Arrigo,Scott J. Goetz +13 more
TL;DR: The hypothesis that summer warming stimulated plant productivity across much, but not all, of the Arctic tundra biome during recent decades is supported.
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The individual identification method of wireless device based on dimensionality reduction and machine learning
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DNA barcode analysis: a comparison of phylogenetic and statistical classification methods
Frédéric Austerlitz,Olivier David,Brigitte Schaeffer,Kevin Bleakley,Kevin Bleakley,Kevin Bleakley,Madalina Olteanu,Raphaël Leblois,Michel Veuille,Michel Veuille,Catherine Larédo,Catherine Larédo +11 more
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References
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Modern Applied Statistics With S
TL;DR: The modern applied statistics with s is universally compatible with any devices to read, and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Proceedings Article
Boosting the margin: A new explanation for the effectiveness of voting methods
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the test error of the generated classifier usually does not increase as its size becomes very large, and often is observed to decrease even after the training error reaches zero.
Journal ArticleDOI
Estimating Generalization Error on Two-Class Datasets Using Out-of-Bag Estimates
TL;DR: For two-class datasets, a method for estimating the generalization error of a bag using out-of-bag estimates is provided and most of the bias is eliminated and accuracy is increased by incorporating a correction based on the distribution of the out- of-bag votes.