Journal ArticleDOI
Contrasting patterns of early twenty-first-century glacier mass change in the Himalayas
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TLDR
Satellite laser altimetry and a global elevation model are used to show widespread glacier wastage in the eastern, central and south-western parts of the HKKH during 2003–08 and show indirect evidence of a complex pattern of glacial responses in reaction to heterogeneous climate change signals.Abstract:
Glaciers are among the best terrestrial climate indicators, an important water resource in mountains1,2 and a major contributor to global sea level rise3,4. In the Hindu Kush - Karakoram - Himalaya region (HKKH), a paucity of appropriate glacier data has prevented a comprehensive assessment of current regional mass balance5. However, there are indirect evidences of a complex pattern of glacial responses5-8 in reaction to heterogeneous climate change signals9. Here, we provide the first coherent data set of detailed glacier thickness changes over the HKKH during 2003-2009 by combining satellite laser altimetry and a global elevation model. In the eastern, central and south-western parts of the HKKH, glacier wastage is widespread with regional thinning rates up to 0.66 ± 0.09 m a-1 in the Jammu-Kashmir region. Conversely, in the Karakoram, glaciers are close to balance with only a slight thinning of 0.07 ± 0.04 m a-1. Regionally averaged thinning rates under debris-mantled ice are similar to those of clean ice despite insulation by debris covers. The 2003-2008 specific mass balance for our HKKH study region is -0.21 ± 0.05 m a-1 water equivalent (WE), significantly less negative than the global average of ~ -0.7 m a-1 WE for glaciers and ice caps4,10. This difference is mainly an effect of the balanced glacier mass budget in the Karakoram. The corresponding HKKH sea level contribution is +0.035 ± 0.009 mm a-1 amounting to 1% of the present-day sea level rise11. Our 2003-2008 mass budget of -12.8 ± 3.5 Gt a-1 is more negative than recent satellite gravimetry based estimates of -5 ± 6 Gt a-1 over 2003-2010 (ref. 12). For the mountain catchments of the Indus and Ganges basins13, the glacier imbalance contributes ~3.5% and ~2.0%, respectively, to the annual average river discharge13, and up to ~10% for the Upper Indus basin14.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Reconciled Estimate of Glacier Contributions to Sea Level Rise: 2003 to 2009
Alex S. Gardner,Alex S. Gardner,Geir Moholdt,J. Graham Cogley,Bert Wouters,Bert Wouters,Anthony Arendt,John Wahr,John Wahr,Etienne Berthier,Regine Hock,Regine Hock,W. Tad Pfeffer,Georg Kaser,Stefan R. M. Ligtenberg,Tobias Bolch,Tobias Bolch,Martin Sharp,Jon Ove Hagen,Michiel R. van den Broeke,Frank Paul +20 more
TL;DR: It is found that glaciers in the Arctic, Canada, Alaska, coastal Greenland, the southern Andes, and high-mountain Asia contribute approximately as much melt water as the ice sheets themselves: 260 billion tons per year between 2003 and 2009, accounting for about 30% of the observed sea-level rise during that period.
Journal ArticleDOI
Consistent increase in High Asia's runoff due to increasing glacier melt and precipitation
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a large-scale, high-resolution cryospheric hydrological model to quantify the upstream hydrologogical regimes of the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Salween and Mekong rivers and analyzed the impacts of climate change on future water availability in these basins using the latest climate model ensemble.
Journal ArticleDOI
Region-wide glacier mass balances over the Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya during 1999–2011
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the 2000 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) to recent (2008-2011) DEMs derived from SPOT5 stereo imagery.
Journal ArticleDOI
A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016
TL;DR: The results shed light on the Nyainqentanglha and Pamir glacier mass changes, for which contradictory estimates exist in the literature, and provide crucial information for the calibration of the models used for projections of future glacier response to climatic changes.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2): Science requirements, concept, and implementation
Thorsten Markus,Thomas Neumann,Anthony J. Martino,Waleed Abdalati,Kelly M. Brunt,Beata Csatho,Sinead L. Farrell,Helen A. Fricker,Alex S. Gardner,David J. Harding,Michael F. Jasinski,Ron Kwok,Lori A. Magruder,Dan Lubin,Scott B. Luthcke,James H. Morison,Ross Nelson,Amy L. Neuenschwander,Stephen P. Palm,Sorin C. Popescu,C. K. Shum,Bob E. Schutz,Benjamin Smith,Yuekui Yang,Yuekui Yang,Jay Zwally +25 more
TL;DR: The ICESat-2 mission is a follow-on to the ICES-1 mission with three pairs of beams, each pair separated by about 3 km cross-track with a pair spacing of 90 m as discussed by the authors.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Climate change will affect the Asian water towers.
TL;DR: It is shown that meltwater is extremely important in the Indus basin and important for the Brahmaputra basin, but plays only a modest role for the Ganges, Yangtze, and Yellow rivers, indicating a huge difference in the extent to which climate change is predicted to affect water availability and food security.
Journal ArticleDOI
Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India
Matthew Rodell,Isabella Velicogna,Isabella Velicogna,Isabella Velicogna,James S. Famiglietti +4 more
TL;DR: The available evidence suggests that unsustainable consumption of groundwater for irrigation and other anthropogenic uses is likely to be the cause of groundwater depletion in northwest India and the consequences for the 114,000,000 residents of the region may include a reduction of agricultural output and shortages of potable water, leading to extensive socioeconomic stresses.
Book
Glaciers and glaciation.
Douglas I. Benn,David J.A. Evans +1 more
TL;DR: Glaciers and Glaciation as discussed by the authors is a classic textbook for all students of glaciation, and it has established a reputation as a comprehensive and essential resource for students of glaciers.
Journal ArticleDOI
The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers
Tobias Bolch,Tobias Bolch,Anil V. Kulkarni,Andreas Kääb,Christian Huggel,Christian Huggel,Frank Paul,J G Cogley,Holger Frey,Holger Frey,Jeffrey S. Kargel,Koji Fujita,M. Scheel,M. Scheel,Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya,Markus Stoffel,Markus Stoffel +16 more
TL;DR: The contemporary evolution of glaciers in the Himalayan region is reviewed, including those of the less well sampled region of the Karakoram to the Northwest, in order to provide a current, comprehensive picture of how they are changing.
Journal ArticleDOI
Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas
Douglas W. Burbank,John Leland,Eric J. Fielding,Robert S. Anderson,Nicholas Brozovic,Mary R. Reid,Chris Duncan +6 more
TL;DR: The topography of tectonically active mountain ranges reflects a poorly understood competition between bedrock uplift and erosion as mentioned in this paper, and the Indus river incises through the bedrock at extremely high rates (2-12 mm yr-1).