Conversion of diols by dehydrogenation and dehydration reactions on silica-supported copper catalysts

TLDR: In this article, the gas phase conversion of a 1,3-polyol containing primary and secondary OH functions was studied on a series of copper-silica catalysts, and thoroughly characterized by several techniques such as BET surface area, TPR, XRD, N 2 O chemisorption, and UV-vis-DRS.

Abstract: The gas-phase conversion of a 1,3-polyol (1,3-butanediol) containing primary and secondary OH functions was studied on a series of copper-silica catalysts, Z CuSiO 2 (Z = 1–25 wt.% Cu), and thoroughly characterized by several techniques such as BET surface area, TPR, XRD, N 2 O chemisorption, and UV-vis-DRS. The physicochemical properties of the Z CuSiO 2 catalysts depended on whether the metal loading was above or below the copper monolayer surface coverage (Z = 13.5 wt.% Cu). Copper species presenting different degrees of interaction with the silica support were detected. At low Z values Cu 0 dispersion was high ( D  ≈ 40%) due to a predominant contribution of nano-sized Cu species (3 nm) which are difficult to reduce, but for Z > 13.5 wt.%, D abruptly dropped to 3–8% because of formation of larger tridimensional Cu clustered species (30 nm) that reduced at lower temperatures because of a decreased copper-silica interaction. On Z CuSiO 2 catalysts, dehydrogenation of the 1,3-butanediol secondary OH function prevailed over that of the primary one and therefore valuable ketones were the main reaction products. Consecutively to dehydrogenation, dehydration and hydrogenation reactions also took place. Products of the tandem reaction were the β-hydroxy ketone (4-hydroxy-2-butanone), the α,β-unsaturated ketone (methyl vinyl ketone) and the saturated ketone (methyl ethyl ketone). A direct 1,3-butanediol dehydration pathway toward methyl ethyl ketone was also found. Reaction pathways were strongly dependent on the Cu loading and therefore on the kind of Cu species (isolated or clustered). When compared at similar conversion levels, selectivity to the dehydrogenation product 4-hydroxy-2-butanone increased with Z suggesting that on large Cu 0 particles 4-hydroxy-2-butanone was released to the gas phase before being converted in consecutive steps. On the contrary, on highly dispersed Cu 0 crystals of low Cu loading catalysts, 1,3-butanediol was readily dehydrated giving the saturated ketone. Kinetically relevant reaction steps of 1,3-butanediol conversion by dehydrogenation and dehydration were promoted on Cu 0 sites. Dehydration of the intermediate 4-hydroxy-2-butanone also occurred on Cu 0 sites. Turnover rates were constant on Cu 0 nano particles and slightly higher on clustered species.