Coughs and Sneezes: Their Role in Transmission of Respiratory Viral Infections, Including SARS-CoV-2.
Rajiv Dhand,Jie Li +1 more
TLDR
Coughs and sneezes disperse a large number of droplets of varying size into the environment, and they transmit respiratory viral infections by direct or indirect physical contact, by droplets or inhalation of fine particulate droplet nuclei.Abstract:
Coughs and sneezes disperse a large number of droplets of varying size into the environment, and they transmit respiratory viral infections by direct or indirect physical contact, by droplets or inhalation of fine particulate droplet nuclei. Larger droplets in the cloud produced by coughing and sneezing settle quickly, and the force with which they are expelled determines how far they are dispersed. The respiratory droplets evaporate to form smaller droplet nuclei that carry infectious agents, remain suspended in air, and susceptible individuals farther away from the source could inhale them. The particle size distribution within the multi-phase cloud produced by coughs/sneezes changes with time and distance from the source depending on several environmental factors. After inhalation, larger respiratory droplets are filtered by the nose or deposit in the oropharynx, whereas smaller droplet nuclei are carried by the airstream into the lungs where their site of deposition depends on their mass, size and shape and is governed by various mechanisms. Airborne particles could also be produced by various aerosol generating procedures, such as suctioning or tracheal intubation, and by aerosol generators, especially jet nebulizers. Prevention of respiratory viral infections depends upon whether they are carried in respiratory droplets or as fine droplet nuclei (airborne or aerosol transmission). The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets or by contact. Airborne transmission of this virus has not been established, but is possible under special circumstances. Appropriate protective measures are necessary to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus in various settings. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).read more
Citations
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Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2? Evidence, prevention and control.
Song Tang,Mao Yixin,Rachael M. Jones,Q Y Tan,John S. Ji,Na Li,Jin Shen,Yuebin Lv,Lijun Pan,Ding Pei,Xiao-Chen Wang,Wang Youbin,C. Raina MacIntyre,Xiaoming Shi,Xiaoming Shi +14 more
TL;DR: Serval studies support that aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is plausible, and the plausibility (weight of combined evidence) is 8 out of 9, which is similar to SARS.
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High-flow nasal cannula for COVID-19 patients: low risk of bio-aerosol dispersion.
TL;DR: Room surfaces in the vicinity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptomatic patients and clinicians' protective equipment were found to be contaminated and high-flow nasal cannula was proven to avoid intubation compared to conventional oxygen devices.
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Severe covid-19 pneumonia: pathogenesis and clinical management.
TL;DR: In this article, high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) was used to avoid intubation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS) patients with severe SARS CoV-2 infection.
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Confronting COVID-19-associated cough and the post-COVID syndrome: role of viral neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmune responses.
Woo-Jung Song,Christopher K.M. Hui,James H. Hull,Surinder S. Birring,Lorcan McGarvey,Stuart B. Mazzone,Kian Fan Chung +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors hypothesize that the pathways of neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmunomodulation through the vagal sensory nerves, which are implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection, lead to a cough hypersensitivity state.
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Aerosol Generation from the Respiratory Tract with Various Modes of Oxygen Delivery.
Nathaniel T Gaeckle,Jihyeon Lee,Yensil Park,Gean Kreykes,Michael D. Evans,Christopher J. Hogan +5 more
TL;DR: Oxygen delivery modalities of humidified high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation do not increase aerosol generation from the respiratory tract in healthy human participants with no active pulmonary disease measured in a negative-pressure room.
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