Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals.
Yuan Liu,Zhi Ning,Yu Chen,Ming Guo,Yingle Liu,Nirmal Kumar Gali,Li Sun,Yusen Duan,Jing Cai,Dane Westerdahl,Xinjin Liu,Ke Xu,Kin Fai Ho,Haidong Kan,Qingyan Fu,Ke Lan +15 more
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It is proposed that room ventilation, open space, sanitization of protective apparel, and proper use and disinfection of toilet areas can effectively limit the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols, although the infectivity of the virus RNA was not established in this study.Abstract:
The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly on a global scale. Although it is clear that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted through human respiratory droplets and direct contact, the potential for aerosol transmission is poorly understood1-3. Here we investigated the aerodynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 by measuring viral RNA in aerosols in different areas of two Wuhan hospitals during the outbreak of COVID-19 in February and March 2020. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols that was detected in isolation wards and ventilated patient rooms was very low, but it was higher in the toilet areas used by the patients. Levels of airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the most public areas was undetectable, except in two areas that were prone to crowding; this increase was possibly due to individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the crowd. We found that some medical staff areas initially had high concentrations of viral RNA with aerosol size distributions that showed peaks in the submicrometre and/or supermicrometre regions; however, these levels were reduced to undetectable levels after implementation of rigorous sanitization procedures. Although we have not established the infectivity of the virus detected in these hospital areas, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 may have the potential to be transmitted through aerosols. Our results indicate that room ventilation, open space, sanitization of protective apparel, and proper use and disinfection of toilet areas can effectively limit the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols. Future work should explore the infectivity of aerosolized virus.read more
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SARS-CoV-2 Reverse Genetics Reveals a Variable Infection Gradient in the Respiratory Tract.
Yixuan J. Hou,Kenichi Okuda,Caitlin E. Edwards,David R. Martinez,Takanori Asakura,Kenneth H. Dinnon,Takafumi Kato,Rhianna E. Lee,Boyd Yount,Teresa M. Mascenik,Gang Chen,Kenneth N. Olivier,Andrew J. Ghio,Longping V. Tse,Sarah R. Leist,Lisa E. Gralinski,Alexandra Schäfer,Hong Dang,Rodney C. Gilmore,Satoko Nakano,Ling Sun,M. Leslie Fulcher,Alessandra Livraghi-Butrico,Nathan I. Nicely,Mark J. Cameron,Cheryl M. Cameron,David J. Kelvin,David J. Kelvin,Aravinda M. de Silva,David M. Margolis,Alena J. Markmann,Luther A. Bartelt,Ross E. Zumwalt,Fernando J. Martinez,Steven P. Salvatore,Alain C. Borczuk,Purushothama Rao Tata,Vishwaraj Sontake,Adam J. Kimple,Ilona Jaspers,Wanda K. O'Neal,Scott H. Randell,Richard C. Boucher,Ralph S. Baric +43 more
TL;DR: The nasal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 with likely subsequent aspiration-mediated virus seeding to the lung in SARS/COVID-19 pathogenesis is highlighted and reagents provide a foundation for investigations into virus-host interactions in protective immunity, host susceptibility, and virus pathogenesis.
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Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19.
TL;DR: It is concluded that wearing of face masks in public corresponds to the most effective means to prevent interhuman transmission, and this inexpensive practice, in conjunction with simultaneous social distancing, quarantine, and contact tracing, represents the most likely fighting opportunity to stop the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
TL;DR: Observations confirm that there is a substantial probability that normal speaking causes airborne virus transmission in confined environments.
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It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Lidia Morawska,Donald K. Milton +1 more
TL;DR: The following scientists reviewed the document: Jonathan Abbatt, John Adgate, Alireza Afshari, KangHo Ahn, Francis Allard, Joseph Allen, Celia Alves, Meinrat O.Hussein, Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz, Jouni J.C.Johansson, Jan Kaczmarczyk, George Kallos, David Katoshevski, Frank Kelly, Soren Kjaergaard,Luke D.
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Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis.
TL;DR: Advances in animal models that are important for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine development, and therapeutic testing are presented and comparisons are made from studies with SARS to provide further perspectives on COVID-19 and draw inferences for future investigations.
References
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TL;DR: Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 In this research letter, investigators report on the stability of Sars-CoVs and the viability of the two virus under experimental conditions.
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The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2
Alexander E. Gorbalenya,Susan C. Baker,Ralph S. Baric,Raoul J. de Groot,Christian Drosten,Anastasia A. Gulyaeva,Bart L. Haagmans,Chris Lauber,Andrey M. Leontovich,Benjamin W. Neuman,Dmitry Penzar,Stanley Perlman,Leo L.M. Poon,Dmitry V. Samborskiy,Igor A. Sidorov,Isabel Sola,John Ziebuhr +16 more
TL;DR: The independent zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV and SARS -CoV-2 highlights the need for studying viruses at the species level to complement research focused on individual pathogenic viruses of immediate significance.
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Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens.
TL;DR: Results of PCR and viral RNA testing for SARS-CoV-2 in bronchoalveolar fluid, sputum, feces, blood, and urine specimens from patients with COVID-19 infection in China are described to identify possible means of non-respiratory transmission.
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Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) From a Symptomatic Patient.
Sean Wei Xiang Ong,Yian Kim Tan,Po Ying Chia,Tau Hong Lee,Oon Tek Ng,Michelle Su Yen Wong,Kalisvar Marimuthu +6 more
TL;DR: This study documents results of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of environmental surfaces and personal protective equipment surrounding 3 COVID-19 patients in isolation rooms in a Singapore hospital.
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