Dielectric Resonator Antennas: A Historical Review and the Current State of the Art
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a historical review of the research carried out on dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) over the last three decades and highlight major research activities in each decade.
Abstract: This article presents a historical review of the research carried out on dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) over the last three decades. Major research activities in each decade are highlighted. The current state of the art of dielectric-resonator-antenna technology is then reviewed. The achievable performance of dielectric resonator antennas designed for compactness, wide impedance bandwidth, low profiles, circular polarization, or high gain are illustrated. The latest developments in dielectric-resonator-antenna arrays and fabrication techniques are also examined.
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TL;DR: Recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible is reviewed, with opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.
Abstract: Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.
1,528 citations
Cites background from "Dielectric Resonator Antennas: A Hi..."
...etry plane A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications 19 to improve the compactness. Early work in resonant dielectric antennas at microwave frequencies has been summarized in review articles [114,115]. In the optical regime, low loss dielectric particles support strong electric and magnetic scattering known as Mie resonances, which can be decomposed into a multipole series. The modes are determine...
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TL;DR: In this paper, all-dielectric Huygens' metasurfaces are demonstrated for NIR frequencies using arrays of silicon nanodisks as metaatoms.
Abstract: Optical metasurfaces have developed as a breakthrough concept for advanced wave-front engineering enabled by subwavelength resonant nanostructures. However, reflection and/or absorption losses as well as low polarization-conversion efficiencies pose a fundamental obstacle for achieving high transmission efficiencies that are required for practical applications. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, highly efficient all-dielectric metasurfaces are demonstrated for NIR frequencies using arrays of silicon nanodisks as metaatoms. The main features of Huygens' sources are employed, namely, spectrally overlapping crossed electric and magnetic dipole resonances of equal strength, to demonstrate Huygens' surfaces with full transmission-phase coverage of 360° and near-unity transmission. Full-phase coverage combined with high efficiency in transmission are experimentally confirmed. Based on these key properties, all-dielectric Huygens' metasurfaces can become a new paradigm for flat optical devices, including beam-steering, beam-shaping, and focusing, as well as holography and dispersion control.
1,159 citations
TL;DR: Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response, mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.
1,106 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the data for all reported low-loss microwave dielectric ceramic materials are collected and tabulated and the table of these materials gives the relative permittivity, quality factor, temperature variation of the resonant frequency, crystal structure, sintering temperature, measurement
Abstract: In addition to the constant demand of low-loss dielectric materials for wireless telecommunication, the recent progress in the Internet of Things (IoT), the Tactile Internet (fifth generation wireless systems), the Industrial Internet, satellite broadcasting and intelligent transport systems (ITS) has put more pressure on their development with modern component fabrication techniques Oxide ceramics are critical for these applications, and a full understanding of their crystal chemistry is fundamental for future development Properties of microwave ceramics depend on several parameters including their composition, the purity of starting materials, processing conditions and their ultimate densification/porosity In this review the data for all reported low-loss microwave dielectric ceramic materials are collected and tabulated The table of these materials gives the relative permittivity, quality factor, temperature variation of the resonant frequency, crystal structure, sintering temperature, measurement
452 citations
03 Apr 2012
TL;DR: The basic characteristics of dielectric resonator antennas are explained, with emphasis on the effect of the form factor on their resonance (operating) frequencies.
Abstract: This paper explains the basic characteristics of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs), with emphasis on the effect of the form factor on their resonance (operating) frequencies. It is followed by discussions on their recent developments in higher order mode, circularly polarized, dual function, and transparent designs over the last few years. The idea of using glass DRAs as decoration antennas is proposed and demonstrated for the first time.
237 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, an experimental investigation of the radiation and circuit properties of a resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna has been undertaken, and a simple theory utilizing the magnetic wall boundary condition is shown to correlate well with measured results for radiation patterns and resonant frequencies.
Abstract: An experimental investigation of the radiation and circuit properties of a resonant cylindrical dielectric cavity antenna has been undertaken. The radiation patterns and input impedance have been measured for structures of various geometrical aspect ratios, dielectric constants, and sizes of coaxial feed probes. A simple theory utilizing the magnetic wall boundary condition is shown to correlate well with measured results for radiation patterns and resonant frequencies.
1,434 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of the modes and the radiation characteristics of open dielectric resonators (DRs) of different shapes, such as cylindrical, spherical, and rectangular, is presented.
Abstract: Open dielectric resonators (DRs) offer attractive features as antenna elements. These include their small size, mechanical simplicity, high radiation efficiency due to no inherent conductor loss, relatively large bandwidth, simple coupling schemes to nearly all commonly used transmission lines, and the advantage of obtaining different radiation characteristics using different modes of the resonator. In this article, we give a comprehensive review of the modes and the radiation characteristics of DRs of different shapes, such as cylindrical, cylindrical ring, spherical, and rectangular. Further, accurate closed form expressions are derived for the resonant frequencies, radiation Q-factors, and the inside fields of a cylindrical DR. These design expressions are valid over a wide range of DR parameters. Finally, the techniques used to feed DR antennas are discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
861 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2007
Abstract: In recent years, the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) has emerged as a new and viable alternative to conventional low-gain elements such as dipoles, monopoles, and microstrip patches. This practical resource presents complete, up-to-date details on DRAs in a single volume. The book provides you with clear guidance on the mode of operation and radiation behavior of DRAs, the main methods of excitation, and the major advances in DRA technology. This hands-on reference equips you with simple equations and graphs that help you rapidly design DRAs of spherical, cylindrical, and rectangular shapes, without having to resort to complex analytical or numerical calculations. You find guidelines for designing feeds required to excite the DRAs, such as probes, apertures, and microstrip lines. In addition, the book offers you various techniques for enhancing the bandwidth performance of DRAs for wideband applications. You learn how to design low profile DRAs and DRAs with circular polarization. Several approaches for designing linear and planar DRAs arrays are also considered. Moreover, this comprehensive book provides advice on the fabrication of DRAs and measurement methods used to characterize their performance. Numerous design examples are included to give you a sense of the versatility that DRAs afford.
616 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for generating circularly polarized radiation from an array composed of linearly polarized elements having unique angular and phase arrangements is presented, which can significantly reduce the complexity, weight, and RF loss of the array feed.
Abstract: A method is presented for generating circularly polarized radiation from an array composed of linearly polarized elements having unique angular and phase arrangements. With this technique the complexity, weight, and RF loss of the array feed can be significantly reduced, especially in a large array. This uniquely formed array has the capability of generating excellent circular polarization (CP) over a relatively wide frequency bandwidth. In addition, the array is capable of scanning its main beam in the principal planes to relatively wide angles from its broadside direction without serious degradation to its CP quality. Another feature of this uniquely arranged array is a reduction in the occurrence of mutual coupling. The discussion in this paper places special emphasis on the microstrip type of radiator, although the technique presented can be adapted to most types of linearly polarized antenna elements.
508 citations
TL;DR: Several novel elements are presented that offer significant enhancements to parameters such as impedance bandwidth, circular-polarization bandwidth, gain, or coupling to various feed structures in the dielectric-resonator antenna environment.
Abstract: This paper features some of the advances in dielectric-resonator antenna technology at the Communications Research Centre. Several novel elements are presented that offer significant enhancements to parameters such as impedance bandwidth, circular-polarization bandwidth, gain, or coupling to various feed structures. Several linear and planar arrays are also presented, to illustrate the performance of dielectric-resonator antenna elements in the array environment.
450 citations