Journal ArticleDOI
Elevated oxidase and esterase levels associated with permethrin tolerance in Anopheles gambiae from Kenyan villages using permethrin-impregnated nets
John M. Vulule,R. F. Beach,Francis Atieli,J. C. Mcallister,William G. Brogdon,J. M. Roberts,R. W. Mwangi,W. A. Hawley +7 more
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It is speculated that use of impregnated nets selected for higher oxidase and esterase levels in An.Abstract:
The permethrin tolerance (PT) of a population of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) increased following the introduction of permethrin-impregnated nets for malaria control in certain villages near Kisumu, western Kenya. Using a biochemical test that indirectly measures oxidases associated with permethrin resistance, we found that this population had higher oxidase levels than a comparison population from villages without impregnated nets. Mosquitoes from a colony of An. gambiae selected for PT, the RSP (reduced susceptibility to permethrin) strain, were exposed to permethrin with or without the oxidase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PB). Significantly higher mortality rates occurred when permethrin was synergized by PB, presumably by suppression of oxidases responsible for PT. An unselected (UNS) colony of An. gambiae that was more susceptible than RSP in a permethrin-susceptibility bioassay (i.e. LT50 22 min for UNS, vs. 42min for RSP) was compared with the RSP colony for levels of oxidases and esterases. The levels of both enzymes were very significantly higher in the RSP strain (P<0.0001). We speculate that use of impregnated nets selected for higher oxidase and esterase levels in An. gambiae to metabolize permethrin acquired from the nets. Both oxidase and esterase mechanisms could confer cross-resistance to other pyrethroids.read more
Citations
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The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.
TL;DR: This paper reviews what is currently known about insecticide resistance conferred by metabolic or target site changes in mosquitoes.
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Insecticide Resistance in Mosquitoes: Impact, Mechanisms, and Research Directions
TL;DR: Current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms, genes, gene interactions, and gene regulation governing the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is reviewed and the potential impact of the latest research findings on the basic and practical aspects of mosquito resistance research is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids.
TL;DR: The diagnostic PCR was adapted to detect the leucine–serine mutation and it was demonstrated that this kdr allele was present in individuals collected from the Kenyan trial site in 1986, prior to the introduction of pyrethroid‐impregnated bednets.
Journal ArticleDOI
The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis
Marianne E. Sinka,Michael J. Bangs,Sylvie Manguin,Maureen Coetzee,Maureen Coetzee,Charles M. Mbogo,Janet Hemingway,Anand P. Patil,William H. Temperley,Peter W. Gething,Caroline W Kabaria,Robi M Okara,Thomas P. Van Boeckel,Thomas P. Van Boeckel,H. Charles J. Godfray,Ralph E. Harbach,Simon I. Hay,Simon I. Hay +17 more
TL;DR: The DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed, with the predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) provided for Africa: Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis, An.
Journal ArticleDOI
Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa.
K. Hargreaves,Lizette L. Koekemoer,Basil D. Brooke,Richard H. Hunt,J. Mthembu,Maureen Coetzee +5 more
TL;DR: Finding these proportions of pyrethroid‐resistant An.
References
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Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s. s.
David Martínez-Torres,Fabrice Chandre,Martin S. Williamson,Frédéric Darriet,Jean Baptiste Berge,Alan L. Devonshire,Pierre Guillet,Nicole Pasteur,David Pauron +8 more
TL;DR: This work demonstrates that a modification of the voltage‐gated sodium channel protein recently shown to be associated with mutations of the para‐type sodium channel gene is present in certain strains of pyrethroid resistant A. gambiae, and describes a PCR‐based diagnostic test allowing its detection in the genome of single mosquitoes.
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Journal Article
Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles
TL;DR: A simple method is described for treating 250-ml glass Wheaton bottles with insecticide, and using them as test chambers for detecting insecticide resistance in mosquito and sandfly populations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insecticide resistance and vector control.
TL;DR: The mechanisms of insecticide resistance, as well as specific instances of resistance emergence worldwide, are described, and prospects for resistance management and priorities for detection and surveillance are discussed.
Journal Article
Heme peroxidase activity measured in single mosquitoes identifies individuals expressing an elevated oxidase for insecticide resistance
TL;DR: A simple, rapid, microplate-based assay that indirectly measures the differences in oxidase levels between individual susceptible, resistant, or induced mosquitoes is described.