Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging concepts on microbial processes in the bathypelagic ocean-ecology, biogeochemistry, and genomics
Toshi Nagata,Christian Tamburini,Javier Arístegui,Federico Baltar,Alexander B. Bochdansky,S. Fonda-Umani,Hideki Fukuda,Alexandra Gogou,Dennis A. Hansell,Roberta L. Hansman,Gerhard J. Herndl,Christos Panagiotopoulos,Thomas Reinthaler,Rumi Sohrin,Pedro Verdugo,Namiha Yamada,Youhei Yamashita,Taichi Yokokawa,Douglas H. Bartlett +18 more
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TLDR
The data compiled on bathypelagic microbes indicate that, despite high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, microbes in the bathypalagic ocean dynamically interact with complex mixtures of organic matter, responding to changes in the ocean’s biogeochemical state.Abstract:
This paper synthesizes recent findings regarding microbial distributions and processes in the bathypelagic ocean (depth >1000 m). Abundance, production and respiration of prokaryotes reflect supplies of particulate and dissolved organic matter to the bathypelagic zone. Better resolution of carbon fluxes mediated by deep microbes requires further testing on the validity of conversion factors. Archaea, especially marine Crenarchaeota Group I, are abundant in deep waters where they can fix dissolved inorganic carbon. Viruses appear to be important in the microbial loop in deep waters, displaying remarkably high virus to prokaryote abundance ratios in some oceanic regions. Sequencing of 18S rRNA genes revealed a tremendous diversity of small-sized protists in bathypelagic waters. Abundances of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and ciliates decrease with depth more steeply than prokaryotes; nonetheless, data indicated that HNF consumed half of prokaryote production in the bathypelagic zone. Aggregates are important habitats for deep-water microbes, which produce more extracellular enzymes (on a per-cell basis) than surface communities. The theory of marine gel formation provides a framework to unravel complex interactions between microbes and organic polymers. Recent data on the effects of hydrostatic pressure on microbial activities indicate that bathypelagic microbial activity is generally higher under in situ pressure conditions than at atmospheric pressures. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed a remarkable diversity of Bacteria in the bathypelagic ocean. Metagenomics and comparative genomics of piezophiles reveal not only the high diversity of deep sea microbes but also specific functional attributes of these piezophilic microbes, interpreted as an adaptation to the deep water environment. Taken together, the data compiled on bathypelagic microbes indicate that, despite high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, microbes in the bathypelagic ocean dynamically interact with complex mixtures of organic matter, responding to changes in the ocean’s biogeochemical state.read more
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Recalcitrant Dissolved Organic Carbon Fractions
TL;DR: Here, the major fractions constituting the global ocean's recalcitrant DOC pool are quantitatively and qualitatively characterized with reference to their roles in carbon biogeochemistry with a nomenclature proposed based on those roles.
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Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, phytodetritus and the ocean’s biological pump
TL;DR: The biological pump is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles, advection or vertical mixing of dissolved organic matter, and transport by animals as mentioned in this paper.
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Ocean Biogeochemical Dynamics
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High-field NMR spectroscopy and FTICR mass spectrometry: powerful discovery tools for the molecular level characterization of marine dissolved organic matter
TL;DR: In this article, high-performance, non-target, high-resolution organic structural spectroscopy was applied to solid phase extracted marine dissolved organic matter (SPE-DOM) isolated from four different depths in the open South Atlantic Ocean off the Angola coast (3° E, 18° S; Angola Basin).
References
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