Journal ArticleDOI
Emission of phthalates from PVC and other materials
TLDR
The existing Climpaq-based procedure for simplified measurements of emissions of plasticizer from PVC and other plasticized materials was modified to generate quantitative and qualitative emission data on phthalates from different materials but the modified method did not create sufficient data for the calculation of emission rates.Abstract:
The main objective of this study was to generate quantitative and qualitative emission data on phthalates from different materials. To achieve this the existing (Chamber for Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution and Air Quality) Climpaq-based procedure for simplified measurements of emissions of plasticizer from PVC and other plasticized materials was modified. It was applied to a range of products. Some of them were suspected of contributing to the indoor concentration of plasticizers. The emissions from PVC flooring, polyolefine flooring, a refrigerator list, two electric cables, PVC skirting and floor wax were studied in separate Climpaqs. The emission from the PVC flooring in the Climpaq was compared with results from the ultra-small chamber Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). Sampling and analysis methods were optimized to measure plasticizers. Samples were taken in exhaust air from the chambers after 6, 35, 62, 105, and 150 days from the start of the experiment. PVC flooring was tested for an additional 100 days. Polyolefine covered with wax resulted in an air concentration of 22 microg/m3 of dibutylphthalate (DBP), which is two orders of magnitude larger than any other materials, but did not emit di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). The other materials resulted in max concentration of approximately 1 microg/m3 of DEHP and low emissions of DBP. The concentration of DEHP in each chamber increased slowly to a rather stable level which was reached after 150 days. DBP concentrations in the chambers with PVC skirting, PVC flooring, polyolefine and floor wax reached their quasi-static equilibrium after 60 days. The modified method did not create sufficient data for the calculation of emission rates. Adsorption of emission on chamber surfaces made it impossible to use the first part of the experiment for emission rate calculation. When the concentration had stabilized, it was found to be almost identical and independent of chamber and ventilation rate. Emission rates were reduced at high concentrations probably because the concentration in the material was near equilibrium with the concentration in the chamber air.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans
TL;DR: The scenario‐based approach chosen in the present study provides a link between the knowledge on emission sources of phthalates and the concentrations ofphthalate metabolites found in human urine, which demonstrates that exposure of infant and adult consumers is caused by different sources in many cases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of airborne contaminants on the wettability of supported graphene and graphite
Zhiting Li,Yongjin Wang,Andrew Kozbial,Ganesh Shenoy,Feng Zhou,Rebecca McGinley,Patrick Ireland,Brittni Morganstein,Alyssa Kunkel,Sumedh P. Surwade,Lei Li,Haitao Liu +11 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that airborne hydrocarbons adsorb on graphitic surfaces, and that a concurrent decrease in the water contact angle occurs when these contaminants are partially removed by both thermal annealing and controlled ultraviolet-O3 treatment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Phthalates
Jan Ludvig Lyche,Arno C. Gutleb,Åke Bergman,Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen,Albertinka J. Murk,Erik Ropstad,Margaret Saunders,Janneche Utne Skaare +7 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that it is important to improve the knowledge of toxic interactions among the different chemicals and to develop measures for combined exposure to various groups of phthalates.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phthalates in indoor dust and their association with building characteristics
Carl-Gustaf Bornehag,Björn Lundgren,Charles J. Weschler,Torben Sigsgaard,L. Hägerhed-Engman,Jan Sundell +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, associations between the concentrations of different phthalate esters in the dust from these bedrooms and various characteristics of the home were examined using parametric and nonparametric tests as well as multiple logistic regression.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plastics additives in the indoor environment--flame retardants and plasticizers.
TL;DR: A comparison of the data with results from human biomonitoring studies reveals that only a small portion of intake takes place via the air and dust paths, and the result is strongly dependent on the particle size distribution used for analysis.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Residential exposure to plasticizers and its possible role in the pathogenesis of asthma.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that inhalation exposure to DEHP as aerosols adsorbed to particulate matter is as important, or more important, than vapor phase exposure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interior surface materials in the home and the development of bronchial obstruction in young children in Oslo, Norway
TL;DR: New evidence is provided of the role of PVC and textile wall materials in the development of bronchial obstruction in young children as revealed in a matched pair case-control study based on a cohort of newborns in Oslo in 1992 and 1993.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phthalic esters in the indoor environment--test chamber studies on PVC-coated wallcoverings.
TL;DR: A simple exposure calculation indicated no specific risk of an increased phthalate exposure in rooms with PVC wallcoverings, and the amounts of DBP and DIBP were significantly lower.
Journal ArticleDOI
Indoor-outdoor relationships for nonpolar organic constituents of aerosol particles
TL;DR: In this article, the virtual impactors were used to collect fine (nominally <2.5-mm diameter) and coarse (n-15-m diameter) particles inside office buildings at Wichita, KS and Lubbock, TX.
Journal ArticleDOI
Design and characterization of the CLIMPAQ, chamber for laboratory investigations of materials, pollution and air quality
TL;DR: In this article, a test chamber CLIMPAQ is developed in order to provide a small and simple emission testing facility capable of testing construction products in a climate where the important climatic parameters such as temperature, ventilation rate and air velocity can be varied independently around typical indoor values.