Journal ArticleDOI
Functional and clinical significance of skeletal muscle architecture.
Richard L. Lieber,Jan Fridén +1 more
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TLDR
The basic architectural properties of human upper and lower extremity muscles are described and the ability of muscles to change their architecture in response to immobilization, eccentric exercise, and surgical tendon transfer is reviewed.Abstract:
Skeletal muscle architecture is the structural property of whole muscles that dominates their function. This review describes the basic architectural properties of human upper and lower extremity muscles. The designs of various muscle groups in humans and other species are analyzed from the point of view of optimizing function. Muscle fiber arrangement and motor unit arrangement is discussed in terms of the control of movement. Finally, the ability of muscles to change their architecture in response to immobilization, eccentric exercise, and surgical tendon transfer is reviewed. Future integrative physiological studies will provide insights into the mechanisms by which such adaptations occur. It is likely that muscle fibers transduce both stress and strain and respond by modifying sarcomere number in a way more suited to the new biomechanical environment.read more
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Role of Extracellular Matrix in Adaptation of Tendon and Skeletal Muscle to Mechanical Loading
TL;DR: Full understanding of these physiological processes will provide the physiological basis for understanding of tissue overloading and injury seen in both tendons and muscle with repetitive work and leisure time physical activity.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Model of the Lower Limb for Analysis of Human Movement
TL;DR: A new model of the lower limb based on data that quantifies the muscle architecture of 21 cadavers is described, which includes geometric representations of the bones, kinematic descriptions of the joints, and Hill-type models of 44 muscle–tendon compartments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance
Marco V. Narici,Nicola Maffulli +1 more
TL;DR: The causes of the greater anabolic resistance to feeding and exercise of elderly women need elucidating and the enhancement of muscle regeneration via satellite cell activation via the MAPK/notch molecular pathways seems particularly promising.
Journal ArticleDOI
Are Current Measurements of Lower Extremity Muscle Architecture Accurate
TL;DR: This work disassembled 27 muscles from 21 human lower extremities to characterize muscle fiber length and physiologic cross-sectional area, which define the excursion and force-generating capacities of a muscle.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms that contribute to differences in motor performance between young and old adults
Roger M. Enoka,Evangelos A. Christou,Sandra K. Hunter,Kurt W. Kornatz,John G. Semmler,Anna M. Taylor,Brian L. Tracy +6 more
TL;DR: Computer simulations and experimental findings suggest that multiple mechanisms contribute to the differences in force fluctuations between young and old adults, although the boundary conditions for each mechanism remain to be determined.
References
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Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons
TL;DR: The present paper is concerned with the central part of the motoneuron and the significance of its size in synaptic transmission and asks whether the cell bodies (and dendrites) connected with large and small motor fibers have different functional properties which can be recognized by their discharge characteristics.
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Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles.
TL;DR: The author examines the relationship between ATPase activity of myosin and intrinsic speed of shortening, and the effects of nerve cross-union on properties of myOSin.
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Muscle Architecture of the Human Lower Limb
TL;DR: The architectural features of the major knee extensors and flexors and ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors were determined in three human cadavers and grouped according to whether they showed a predilection for tension or velocity of shortening.
OtherDOI
Motor Units: Anatomy, Physiology, and Functional Organization
TL;DR: The sections in this article are: Motor Unit Types: Histochemical Profiles and Ultrastructural Correlations, Anatomical Considerations, and Control of Muscular Action: Recruitment and Rate Modulation.
Journal ArticleDOI
New insights into the behavior of muscle during active lengthening
TL;DR: The prediction that lengthening of active muscle on or beyond the plateau of the length tension curve will take place very nonuniformly, essentially by rapid, uncontrolled elongation of individual sarcomeres, one at a time, in order from the weakest toward the strongest is made.