Journal ArticleDOI
High Temperature Uniaxial Compression and Stress–Relaxation Behavior of India-Specific RAFM Steel
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TLDR
In this article, the authors have investigated the high temperature compression, stress-relaxation, and strain-rate change behavior of the INRAFM steel and found that the rate-controlling mechanisms at the thermally activated region of high temperature were found to be the nonconservative movement of jogged screw dislocations and thermal breaking of attractive junctions.Abstract:
India-specific reduced activity ferritic martensitic steel (INRAFM), a modified 9Cr-1Mo grade, has been developed by India as its own structural material for fabrication of the Indian Test Blanket Module (TBM) to be installed in the International Thermonuclear Energy Reactor (ITER). The extensive study on mechanical and physical properties of this material has been currently going on for appraisal of this material before being put to use in the ITER. High temperature compression, stress–relaxation, and strain-rate change behavior of the INRAFM steel have been investigated. The optical microscopic and scanning electron microscopic characterizations were carried out to observe the microstructural changes that occur during uniaxial compressive deformation test. Comparable true plastic stress values at 300 °C and 500 °C and a high drop in true plastic stress at 600 °C were observed during the compression test. Stress–relaxation behaviors were investigated at 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C at a strain rate of 10−3 s−1. The creep properties of the steel at different temperatures were predicted from the stress–relaxation test. The Norton’s stress exponent (n) was found to decrease with the increasing temperature. Using Bird–Mukherjee–Dorn relationship, the temperature-compensated normalized strain rate vs stress was plotted. The stress exponent (n) value of 10.05 was obtained from the normalized plot. The increasing nature of the strain rate sensitivity (m) with the test temperature was found from strain-rate change test. The low plastic stability with m ~ 0.06 was observed at 600 °C. The activation volume (V*) values were obtained in the range of 100 to 300 b3. By comparing the experimental values with the literature, the rate-controlling mechanisms at the thermally activated region of high temperature were found to be the nonconservative movement of jogged screw dislocations and thermal breaking of attractive junctions.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels: A review
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes the strengthening mechanisms of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels, including high-angle grain boundaries, sub-grain boundaries, nano-sized M23C6, and MX carbide precipitates.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Comprehensive Study on Texture Development and Twin-Related Domain Evolution Following Hot Compression in a Super Austenitic Stainless Steel
TL;DR: In this article, the evolution of fine grains due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX) with near-random texture was evident following deformation at strain rates 0.001 to 10 s−1 and temperatures 1173 K to 1273 K. The deformation texture was simulated by employing a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM).
Journal ArticleDOI
Development of Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steels in China
Qunying Huang,Xiaoyu Wang,Shouhua Sun,Yongchang Liu,Hongbin Liao,Pengfei Zheng,Lei Peng,Yutao Zhai +7 more
TL;DR: In this article , the development and strategy on fusion energy in China are briefly introduced, and the progresses of R&D activities on CN-RAFMs aiming for the engineering applications are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Retardation of Small Creep–Fatigue Crack in Gr. 91 Steel Through the Combined Effects of Stress Relaxation, Microstructural Evolution, and Oxidation
TL;DR: In this article, an unusual effect of hold time (up to 10 seconds) on retardation in the growth of creep-fatigue small cracks at 550°C in Grade 91 steel was reported.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparative study on hot deformation behaviour of P91, RAFM-CLAM and Low C RAFM-CLAM steels by processing maps
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of high temperature deformation behavior of P91, RAFM-CLAM and Low C RAFMCLAM steels was done from compression deformation data in the temperature range of 850-1100 C and the strain rate range of 10−3-10 s-1.
References
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Book
Deformation-Mechanism Maps: The Plasticity and Creep of Metals and Ceramics
H.J. Frost,Michael F. Ashby +1 more
TL;DR: Deformation-mechanism maps: the plasticity and creep of metals and ceramics as discussed by the authors, Deformation-Mechanism Maps of metal deformation: the deformation and the creep of metal and ceramic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ferritic/martensitic steels for next-generation reactors
Ronald L. Klueh,Andrew T. Nelson +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the use of elevated-temperature ferritic/martensitic steels for in-core and out-of-core applications for the next generation of nuclear power reactors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Current status and future R&D for reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized international research and development programs on reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steels, the primary candidate-alloys for a DEMO fusion reactor and beyond, along with some information on conventional steels.
Journal ArticleDOI
The development of EUROFER reduced activation steel
TL;DR: In this paper, the European implementation of such a steel, where experience gained from an IEA co-operation with Japan and the US is also implemented, has been used for the development of breeding blankets in fusion power plants.
Journal ArticleDOI
Progress and critical issues of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel development
B. van der Schaaf,David S. Gelles,Shiro Jitsukawa,Akihiko Kimura,Ronald L. Klueh,Anton Möslang,G.R. Odette +6 more
TL;DR: The International Energy Agency (IEA) agreement has been an effective framework for international co-operation in developing reduced activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels as mentioned in this paper.
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