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Iconographies supplémentaires de l'article : Mechanisms of nutrient modulation of the immune response
TLDR
In this paper, the development of tolerance, control of inflammation, and response to normal mucosal flora are interrelated and linked to specific immune mechanisms, and Leptin is emerging as a cytokine-like immune regulator that has complex effects in both overnutrition and in the inflammatory response in malnutrition.Abstract:
Lack of adequate macronutrients or selected micronutrients, especially zinc, selenium, iron, and the antioxidant vitamins, can lead to clinically significant immune deficiency and infections in children. Undernutrition in critical periods of gestation and neonatal maturation and during weaning impairs the development and differentiation of a normal immune system. Infections are both more frequent and more often become chronic in the malnourished child. Recent identification of genetic mechanisms is revealing critical pathways in the gastrointestinal immune response. New studies show that the development of tolerance, control of inflammation, and response to normal mucosal flora are interrelated and linked to specific immune mechanisms. Nutrients act as antioxidants and as cofactors at the level of cytokine regulation. Protein calorie malnutrition and zinc deficiency activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Increased circulating levels of glucocorticoids cause thymic atrophy and affect hematopoiesis. Chronic undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency compromise cytokine response and affect immune cell trafficking. The combination of chronic undernutrition and infection further weakens the immune response, leading to altered immune cell populations and a generalized increase in inflammatory mediators. Obesity caused by excess nutrition or excess storage of fats relative to energy expenditure is a form of malnutrition that is increasingly seen in children. Leptin is emerging as a cytokine-like immune regulator that has complex effects in both overnutrition and in the inflammatory response in malnutrition. Because the immune system is immature at birth, malnutrition in childhood might have long-term effects on health.read more
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Burn wound healing and treatment: review and advancements
Matthew P. Rowan,Leopoldo C. Cancio,Eric A. Elster,David M. Burmeister,Lloyd F. Rose,Shanmugasundaram Natesan,Rodney K. Chan,Robert J. Christy,Kevin K. Chung,Kevin K. Chung +9 more
TL;DR: Recent advancements in the care of burn patients with a focus on the pathophysiology and treatment of burn wounds are reviewed, including improvements in patient stabilization and care.
Journal ArticleDOI
Defining Pediatric Malnutrition A Paradigm Shift Toward Etiology-Related Definitions
Nilesh M. Mehta,Mark R. Corkins,Beth Lyman,Ainsley Malone,Praveen S. Goday,Liesje Nieman Carney,Jessica Monczka,Steven W. Plogsted,W. Frederick Schwenk +8 more
TL;DR: A pediatric malnutrition definitions workgroup reviewed existing pediatric age group English-language literature from 1955 to 2011, for relevant references related to 5 domains of the definition of malnutrition that were a priori identified: anthropometric parameters, growth, chronicity of malnutrition, etiology and pathogenesis, and developmental/ functional outcomes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Depression and sickness behavior are Janus-faced responses to shared inflammatory pathways
Michael Maes,Michael Berk,Lisa E. Goehler,Cai Song,George M. Anderson,Piotr Gałecki,Brian E. Leonard +6 more
TL;DR: Shared immuno-inflammatory pathways underpin the physiology of sickness behavior and the pathophysiology of clinical depression explaining their partially overlapping phenomenology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development
Richard L. Guerrant,Reinaldo B. Oriá,Sean R. Moore,Mônica Oliveira Batista Oriá,Aldo A. M. Lima +4 more
TL;DR: The clinical data presented here derive largely from long-term cohort studies that are supported by controlled animal studies, and the mechanisms by which enteric infections lead to undernutrition and by which malnutrition worsens intestinal infections are reviewed.
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Associations of Suboptimal Growth with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Children under Five Years: A Pooled Analysis of Ten Prospective Studies
Ibironke Olofin,Christine McDonald,Majid Ezzati,Seth Flaxman,Robert E. Black,Wafaie W. Fawzi,Laura E. Caulfield,Goodarz Danaei +7 more
TL;DR: All degrees of anthropometric deficits are associated with increased risk of under-five mortality using the 2006 WHO Standards, and even mild deficits substantially increase mortality, especially from infectious diseases.
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