![Figure 8: Hyperfine structure of 227Ac following high-resolution RIS on the 6d7s2 2D3/2 → 6d7s(3D)7p 4P5/2 atomic transition [281]. The dashed vertical lines indicate the centroids of the hyperfine components which are labeled with the F → F ′ notation.](/figures/figure-8-hyperfine-structure-of-227ac-following-high-366d2g7v.webp)
![Figure 11: Select spectra of gallium isotopes recorded in work of reference [67]. The pronounced structural change at A=73 is clearly apparent. Figure kindly provided by B. Cheal.](/figures/figure-11-select-spectra-of-gallium-isotopes-recorded-in-lppguik1.webp)
![Figure 2: Layout of the TRIGA-SPEC facility, Mainz [223]. (Figure courtesy of Wilfried Nörtershäuser.)](/figures/figure-2-layout-of-the-triga-spec-facility-mainz-223-figure-3a2q9p7x.webp)
Q2. What are the future works in "Laser spectroscopy for nuclear structure physics" ?
The devices and other electrostatic traps, such as the ConeTrap [ 270, 271 ], promise future spectroscopic possibilities as they are readily suitable for laser spectroscopy. Exploring the nuclear landscape towards regions of ever increasing distance from the valley of stability will no doubt both test and stimulate further theoretical studies. As can be seen from Figure 1 there are still large areas of the nuclear chart yet to be studied. Planned and ongoing upgrades to many of the existing facilities such as Isolde, JYFL and Triumf will enable many of those elements already studied to be pushed out towards both the proton and neutron drip lines.
Q3. What was the ionisation geometry used to determine the flow velocity of moving atoms?
In addition, laser Doppler-shift velocimetry in a longitudinal ionisation geometry was used to determine the flow velocity of moving atoms within the jet in comparison to atoms in a reference cell.
Q4. How are the isotope shift measurements performed?
Isotope shift measurements are performed on the 2s→ 3s transition by scanning the 735-nm laser light across the two-photon resonances.
Q5. What are the two parameters that produce measurable perturbations in the atomic structure?
Two further nuclear parameters, the distribution of magnetism and the mass of the nucleus, produce measurable perturbations in the atomic structure.
Q6. How does the shape coexistence of nuclear shells work?
In the language of the nuclear shell model, shape coexistence may be obtained through multi-particle multi-hole excitations across known shell closures.
Q7. How long has the neutron-rich side of stability been studied?
The neutron-rich side of stability in the vicinity of where the N = 20 shell closure would be predicted has been the subject of extensive study for almost 40 years.
Q8. What is the mass shift component for a multi-electron system?
(8)The mass shift component is separable into two components, the Normal Mass Shift equivalent to the Bohr reduced mass correction and the Specific Mass Shift arising from the electron-electron correlations within a multi-electron system.
Q9. What is the way to extract precision data from the heavier systems?
Precision nuclear data extraction for the heavier systems will however only be possible with knowledge of the atomic field and mass shift factors.
Q10. What was the method used to obtain the Au isotopes?
The mass-separated ion beam was focused into an atomic beam oven, similar to the method of Fedoseyev, however, the Au isotopes were obtained as decay daughter products of Hg isotopes.
Q11. What is the effect of acceleration on ion source broadenings?
As such, acceleration to at least 30 keV reduces ion source broadenings to a level beneath those that arise from typical atomic state lifetimes.
Q12. How can one identify similarities or discrepancies between isotopic chains?
By comparing relative changes in mean-square charge radii (or indeed isotopic shifts under the assumption of a negligible mass shift) one is able to identify similarities or discrepancies between isotopic chains.
Q13. What is the way to measure the spectroscopic accuracy of short-lived is?
The high precision techniques outlined in Sections 3.4.1 and 3.6 can improve these accuracies by ∼2 orders of magnitude or further in the case of radio-frequency spectroscopy where 1 – 10 kHz precision can be achieved for short-lived isotopes.
Q14. Why was the interest in the island of inversion driven by the observation of unexpectedly large binding?
The interest was first driven by the observation of unexpectedly large binding energies for 31,32Na and 31,32Mg in sharp contrast to the expected drop more commonly seen immediately following a shell closure [354, 355].
Q15. What is the conservative approach to the treatment of scattering data?
This more conservative approach to the treatment of scattering data still results in a 3.5σ discrepancy between electron-proton scattering and muonic hydrogen measurements, which increases to 5.7σ when combining the scattering and atomic Lamb shift measurements.