Q2. What is the role of self regulation in achieving a goal?
At the same time, the greater engagement of the self also suggests potentially stronger emotions, and therefore emotional regulation is likely to be very important when pursuing self-set goals (Kanfer & Kantrowitz, 2002).
Q3. Why do the authors draw on self-determination theory?
The authors draw on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000) because, by definition, proactive behavior is autonomous (self-initiated) rather than externally regulated by contingencies outside the person.
Q4. What is the role of employees in shaping their environment?
Other topic areas in which employees’ active role has been acknowledged include the literatures on organizational change (e.g., Dutton & Ashford, 1993, on issue selling; Scott & Bruce, 1994, on innovation), organizational socialization (Ashford & Cummings, 1985), and career development (e.g., Rousseau, Ho, & Greenberg, 2006).
Q5. Why do individuals need to be more proactive?
Because challenge needs to be relatively high before flow is possible (Massimini & Carli, 1988), individuals need increasingly greater challenge to experience flow.
Q6. What is the role of self-regulation in achieving a proactive goal?
the more that striving to achieve a proactive goal involves effective self-regulation, such as dealing with emotions associated with setbacks and engagement in appropriate reflection, the more likely that proactive goals will continue to be pursued rather than abandoned.
Q7. What is the key criterion for identifying proactive behavior?
“The key criterion for identifying proactive behavior is not whether it is in-role or extra-role, but rather whether the employee anticipates, plans for, and attempts to create a future outcome that has an impact on the self or environment” (Grant & Ashford, 2008: 9). Griffin et al. (2007) similarly argued that team-oriented behaviors such as helping and organization-oriented behaviors such as loyalty can be carried out more or less proactively.
Q8. What is the main argument for an affect pathway?
In support of an affect pathway more generally, Fritz and Sonnentag (2009) showed that positive affect promotes taking charge behaviors that day as well as on the following day.