Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanochemistry: the varied applications of mechanical bond-breaking
TLDR
In this paper, a wide range of practical applications of mechanochemistry are outlined with typical examples for ceramics, mechanical alloying, hydrogen storage, organic syntheses, waste remediation, leachings, surface plasmas, radical formation, explosives, nanotube formation, nanoparticles grafting, polymer technology, radical initiation, scratchless polishing, wear protection, lubrication, mechanochromism, nano-dissection, and many more.Abstract:
Mechanochemistry means mechanical breakage of intramolecular bonds by external force and must be differentiated from molecular solid-state chemistry, where contacts between micronized molecular solids are created by the mechanical action for mutual approach of the reacting centers. After an outline of the mechanistic differences, the varied mechanochemistry is discussed. Grinding, milling, shearing, scratching, polishing, and rapid friction (for polymers also cutting, kneading, extruding) provide the mechanical impact for mechanochemistry, while sonication and shock waving for intramolecular bond breaking are generally described as thermal processes. The various types of mechanophysics (e.g., mechanoelectricity, conformational changes, thixotropy, rheopexy, stirring of Newtonian liquids or suspensions, etc.) are not treated here. Mechanochemistry covers solid-state reactions of infinitely covalent crystals, brittle metals, polymers, molecular solids with weak covalent bonds, strong intramolecular bond breakage in shearing Bridgman's anvil or by friction at lubrication of rapidly moving cold contacting surfaces, and single bond breaking or cutting. The diverse wealth of practical applications of mechanochemistry is outlined with typical examples for ceramics, mechanical alloying, hydrogen storage, organic syntheses, waste remediation, leachings, surface plasmas, radical formation, explosives, nanotube formation, nanoparticles grafting, polymer technology, radical initiation, scratch-less polishing, wear protection, lubrication, mechanochromism, nano-dissection, and many more.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): routes to various MOF topologies, morphologies, and composites.
Norbert Stock,Shyam Biswas +1 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis
Stuart L. James,Christopher J. Adams,Carsten Bolm,Dario Braga,Paul Collier,Tomislav Friščić,Fabrizia Grepioni,Kenneth D. M. Harris,Geoff Hyett,William Jones,Anke Krebs,James Mack,Lucia Maini,A. Guy Orpen,Ivan P. Parkin,William C. Shearouse,Jonathan W. Steed,Daniel C. Waddell +17 more
TL;DR: Concentrating on recent advances, this article covers industrial aspects, inorganic materials, organic synthesis, cocrystallisation, pharmaceutical aspects, metal complexes, supramolecular aspects and characterization methods.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanochemical organic synthesis
TL;DR: This review article provides a comprehensive overview of various solvent-free mechanochemical organic reactions, including metal-mediated or -catalyzed reactions, condensation reactions, nucleophilic additions, cascade reactions, Diels-Alder reactions, oxidations, reductions, halogenation/aminohalogenation, etc.
Journal ArticleDOI
Beyond Mechanical Recycling: Giving New Life to Plastic Waste
Ina Vollmer,Michael J. F. Jenks,M Roelands,Robin J. White,Toon van Harmelen,Paul de Wild,Gerard P. van der Laan,Florian Meirer,Jos T. F. Keurentjes,Bert M. Weckhuysen +9 more
TL;DR: This Review aims to inspire both science and innovation for the production of higher value and quality products from plastic recycling suitable for reuse or valorization to create the necessary economic and environmental push for a circular economy.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges.
TL;DR: The present tutorial review will be focused on the highlights using this method of energy transfer and energy dissipation to motivate researchers to take notice of ball mills as chemical reactors, implementing this technique in everyday laboratory use and pave the ground for future activities in this interdisciplinary field of research.
References
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Book
Mechanical Alloying And Milling
TL;DR: Mechanical Alloying (MA) is a solid-state powder processng technique involving repeated welding, fracturing, and rewelding of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanochemistry: the mechanical activation of covalent bonds.
TL;DR: A survey of the classical works in mechanochemistry is given and the key mechanochemical phenomena into perspective with recent results from atomic force microscopy and quantum molecular dynamics simulations are put into perspective.
Journal ArticleDOI
How Strong Is a Covalent Bond
Michel Grandbois,Martin K. Beyer,Matthias Rief,Matthias Rief,Hauke Clausen-Schaumann,Hermann E. Gaub +5 more
TL;DR: The rupture force of single covalent bonds under an external load was measured with an atomic force microscope (AFM) and calculations that were based on density functional theory corroborate the measured values.
Book
Applied Sonochemistry: The Uses of Power Ultrasound in Chemistry and Processing
Timothy J. Mason,J.P. Lorimer +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the concept of applied ultrasonic equipment and Chemical Reactor Design and discuss its application in Environmental Protection and Remediation, as well as its applications in Polymers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Shock Waves in High-Energy Materials: The Initial Chemical Events in Nitramine RDX
Alejandro Strachan,Adri C. T. van Duin,Debashis Chakraborty,Siddharth Dasgupta,William A. Goddard +4 more
TL;DR: It is found that for high impact velocities (>6 km/s) the RDX molecules decompose and react to form a variety of small molecules in very short time scales, consistent with those found experimentally at longer times.