Melanopsin contributions to non-visual and visual function.
TLDR
An overview of what the authors know about melanopsin contributions in visual function and non-visual function is given.Abstract:
Melanopsin is a short-wavelength-sensitive photopigment that was discovered only around 20 years ago. It is expressed in the cell bodies and processes of a subset of retinal ganglion cells in the retina (the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells; ipRGCs), thereby allowing them to signal light even in the absence of cone and rod input. Many of the fundamental properties of melanopsin signalling in humans for both visual (e.g. detection, discrimination, brightness estimation) and non-visual function (e.g. melatonin suppression, circadian phase shifting) remain to be elucidated. Here, we give an overview of what we know about melanopsin contributions in visual function and non-visual function.read more
Citations
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Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood
TL;DR: The current state of knowledge regarding the effects of light on circadian rhythms, sleep, and mood is reviewed to improve sleep, mood and general well-being.
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Melanopic illuminance defines the magnitude of human circadian light responses under a wide range of conditions
TL;DR: Support is provided for the use of melanopic illuminance as the basis for guidelines that seek to regulate light exposure to benefit human health and to inform future lighting design by using newly established SI‐compliant metrics to quantify ipRGC‐influenced responses to light.
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Circadian Photoentrainment in Mice and Humans
TL;DR: The mechanisms and responses of the mouse and human circadian systems to light, which utilize a network of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells expressing the photopigment melanopsin (OPN4), are reviewed.
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Individual differences in light sensitivity affect sleep and circadian rhythms.
TL;DR: The current findings provide strong support for considering individual differences when defining optimal lighting specifications, thus allowing for personalized lighting solutions that promote quality of life and health.
References
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Light Suppresses Melatonin Secretion in Humans
TL;DR: Findings establish that the human response to light is qualitatively similar to that of other mammals.
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Action Spectrum for Melatonin Regulation in Humans: Evidence for a Novel Circadian Photoreceptor
George C. Brainard,John P. Hanifin,Jeffrey M. Greeson,Brenda Byrne,Gena Glickman,Edward Gerner,Mark D. Rollag +6 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that, in humans, a single photopigment may be primarily responsible for melatonin suppression, and its peak absorbance appears to be distinct from that of rod and cone cellphotopigments for vision.
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An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non‐rod, non‐cone photoreceptor system in humans
TL;DR: The data strongly support a primary role for a novel short‐wavelength photopigment in light‐induced melatonin suppression and provide the first direct evidence of a non‐rod, non‐cone photoreceptive system in humans.
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Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN.
Dennis M. Dacey,Hsi-Wen Liao,Beth B. Peterson,Farrel R. Robinson,Vivianne C. Smith,Joel Pokorny,King Wai Yau,Paul D. Gamlin +7 more
TL;DR: An anatomically distinct population of ‘giant’, melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the primate retina that, in addition to being intrinsically photosensitive, are strongly activated by rods and cones, and display a rare, S-Off, (L + M)-On type of colour-opponent receptive field.
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A Novel Human Opsin in the Inner Retina
Ignacio Provencio,Ignacio R. Rodriguez,Gui-Sen Jiang,William Pär Hayes,E.F. Moreira,Mark D. Rollag +5 more
TL;DR: The unique inner retinal localization of melanopsin suggests that it is not involved in image formation but rather may mediate nonvisual photoreceptive tasks, such as the regulation of circadian rhythms and the acute suppression of pineal melatonin.