An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non‐rod, non‐cone photoreceptor system in humans
TLDR
The data strongly support a primary role for a novel short‐wavelength photopigment in light‐induced melatonin suppression and provide the first direct evidence of a non‐rod, non‐cone photoreceptive system in humans.Abstract:
1 Non-image forming, irradiance-dependent responses mediated by the human eye include synchronisation of the circadian axis and suppression of pineal melatonin production The retinal photopigment(s) transducing these light responses in humans have not been characterised 2 Using the ability of light to suppress nocturnal melatonin production, we aimed to investigate its spectral sensitivity and produce an action spectrum Melatonin suppression was quantified in 22 volunteers in 215 light exposure trials using monochromatic light (30 min pulse administered at circadian time (CT) 16-18) of different wavelengths (lambda(max) 424, 456, 472, 496, 520 and 548 nm) and irradiances (07-650 microW cm(-2)) 3 At each wavelength, suppression of plasma melatonin increased with increasing irradiance Irradiance-response curves (IRCs) were fitted and the generated half-maximal responses (IR(50)) were corrected for lens filtering and used to construct an action spectrum 4 The resulting action spectrum showed unique short-wavelength sensitivity very different from the classical scotopic and photopic visual systems The lack of fit (r(2) or =073) Of these, the best fit was to the rhodopsin template with lambda(max) 459 nm (r(2) = 074) 5 Our data strongly support a primary role for a novel short-wavelength photopigment in light-induced melatonin suppression and provide the first direct evidence of a non-rod, non-cone photoreceptive system in humansread more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Sleep Patterns and Predictors of Disturbed Sleep in a Large Population of College Students
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that insufficient sleep and irregular sleep-wake patterns, which have been extensively documented in younger adolescents, are also present at alarming levels in the college student population.
Journal ArticleDOI
Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN.
Dennis M. Dacey,Hsi-Wen Liao,Beth B. Peterson,Farrel R. Robinson,Vivianne C. Smith,Joel Pokorny,King Wai Yau,Paul D. Gamlin +7 more
TL;DR: An anatomically distinct population of ‘giant’, melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the primate retina that, in addition to being intrinsically photosensitive, are strongly activated by rods and cones, and display a rare, S-Off, (L + M)-On type of colour-opponent receptive field.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age
Robert J. Lucas,Stuart N. Peirson,David M. Berson,Timothy M. Brown,Howard M. Cooper,Charles A. Czeisler,Mariana G. Figueiro,Paul D. Gamlin,Steven W. Lockley,John O’Hagan,Luke L. A. Price,Ignacio Provencio,Debra J. Skene,George C. Brainard +13 more
TL;DR: A new light-measurement strategy taking account of the complex photoreceptive inputs to these non-visual responses is proposed for use by researchers, and simple suggestions for artificial/architectural lighting are provided for regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, and engineers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physiology of circadian entrainment.
TL;DR: Several aspects of the mechanisms for photic entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms are covered, including retinal sensitivity to light by means of novel photopigments as well as circadian variations in the retina that contribute to the regulation of retinal physiology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence
Stephanie J. Crowley,Stephanie J. Crowley,Christine Acebo,Christine Acebo,Mary A. Carskadon,Mary A. Carskadon +5 more
TL;DR: This review describes sleep/wake patterns, changes in these patterns across adolescence, and evidence for the role of environmental, psychosocial, and biological factors underlying these changes, and outlines a two-process model incorporating circadian and sleep/ wake homeostatic components.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Light Suppresses Melatonin Secretion in Humans
TL;DR: Findings establish that the human response to light is qualitatively similar to that of other mammals.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Novel Human Opsin in the Inner Retina
Ignacio Provencio,Ignacio R. Rodriguez,Gui-Sen Jiang,William Pär Hayes,E.F. Moreira,Mark D. Rollag +5 more
TL;DR: The unique inner retinal localization of melanopsin suggests that it is not involved in image formation but rather may mediate nonvisual photoreceptive tasks, such as the regulation of circadian rhythms and the acute suppression of pineal melatonin.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression
Jamie M. Zeitzer,Jamie M. Zeitzer,Derk-Jan Dijk,Richard E. Kronauer,Richard E. Kronauer,Richard E. Kronauer,Emery N. Brown,Emery N. Brown,Emery N. Brown,Charles A. Czeisler,Charles A. Czeisler,Charles A. Czeisler +11 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that humans are highly responsive to the phase‐delaying effects of light during the early biological night and that both the phase resetting response to light and the acute suppressive effect of light on plasma melatonin follow a logistic dose‐response curve, as do many circadian responses to light in mammals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Regulation of Mammalian Circadian Behavior by Non-rod, Non-cone, Ocular Photoreceptors
Melanie S. Freedman,Robert J. Lucas,Bobby G. Soni,Malcolm von Schantz,Marta Muñoz,Zoë K. David-Gray,Russell G. Foster +6 more
TL;DR: Neither rods nor cones are required for photoentrainment, and the murine eye contains additional photoreceptors that regulate the circadian clock.
Journal ArticleDOI
The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype.
TL;DR: Estimates of the human M- and L-cone spectral sensitivities for 2 and 10 degrees dia are derived from new luminous efficiency determinations, and an estimate of the photopic luminosity function [V(lambda)] for 2 degrees dio.