Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks.
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TLDR
Elimination of carriage of S. aureus has been found to reduce the infection rates in surgical patients and those on hemodialysis and CAPD, and those colonized with MRSA.Abstract:
Staphylococcus aureus has long been recognized as an important pathogen in human disease. Due to an increasing number of infections caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, therapy has become problematic. Therefore, prevention of staphylococcal infections has become more important. Carriage of S. aureus appears to play a key role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection. The ecological niches of S. aureus are the anterior nares. In healthy subjects, over time, three patterns of carriage can be distinguished: about 20% of people are persistent carriers, 60% are intermittent carriers, and approximately 20% almost never carry S. aureus. The molecular basis of the carrier state remains to be elucidated. In patients who repeatedly puncture the skin (e.g., hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis [CAPD] patients and intravenous drug addicts) and patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, increased carriage rates are found. Carriage has been identified as an important risk factor for infection in patients undergoing surgery, those on hemodialysis or CAPD, those with HIV infection and AIDS, those with intravascular devices, and those colonized with MRSA. Elimination of carriage has been found to reduce the infection rates in surgical patients and those on hemodialysis and CAPD. Elimination of carriage appears to be an attractive preventive strategy in patients at risk. Further studies are needed to optimize this strategy and to define the groups at risk.read more
Citations
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The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections.
Heiman F. L. Wertheim,Damian C. Melles,Margreet C. Vos,Willem B. van Leeuwen,Alex van Belkum,Henri A. Verbrugh,Jan L. Nouwen +6 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the current knowledge of the determinants (both human and bacterial) and risks of S aureus nasal carriage, and summarise the population dynamics of SA.
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Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era
Henry F. Chambers,Frank R. DeLeo +1 more
TL;DR: The molecular epidemiology of the epidemic waves of peniillin- and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus that have occurred since 1940 are reviewed, with a focus on the clinical and molecular epidemiological of CA-MRSA.
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Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic.
Michael Z. David,Robert S. Daum +1 more
TL;DR: This review details the epidemiology of CA-MRSA strains and the clinical spectrum of infectious syndromes associated with them that ranges from a commensal state to severe, overwhelming infection and addresses the therapy of these infections and strategies for their prevention.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease.
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Antibiotics and Bacterial Resistance in the 21st Century
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TL;DR: In this review the factors that have been linked to the waxing of bacterial resistance are addressed and profiles of bacterial species that are deemed to be particularly concerning at the present time are illustrated.
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