Journal ArticleDOI
Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains
Cécile Hamers-Casterman,Touriya Atarhouch,Serge Muyldermans,Gene E. Robinson,Hamers C,Songa Eb,Bendahman N,Raymond Hamers +7 more
TLDR
The presence of considerable amounts of IgG-like material of Mr 100K in the serum of the camel, which is composed of heavy-chain dimers and devoid of light chains, but nevertheless have an extensive antigen-binding repertoire, opens new perspectives in the engineering of antibodies.Abstract:
Random association of VL and VH repertoires contributes considerably to antibody diversity. The diversity and the affinity are then increased by hypermutation in B cells located in germinal centres. Except in the case of 'heavy chain' disease, naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies have not been described, although antigen binding has been demonstrated for separated heavy chains or cloned VH domains. Here we investigate the presence of considerable amounts of IgG-like material of M(r) 100K in the serum of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). These molecules are composed of heavy-chain dimers and are devoid of light chains, but nevertheless have an extensive antigen-binding repertoire, a finding that calls into question the role of light chains in the camel. Camel heavy-chain IgGs lack CH1, which in one IgG class might be structurally replaced by an extended hinge. Heavy-chain IgGs are a feature of all camelids. These findings open new perspectives in the engineering of antibodies.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Making Antibodies by Phage Display Technology
TL;DR: Human antibody fragments with many different binding specificities have been isolated from the same phage repertoire, including haptens, carbohydrates, secreted and cell surface proteins, viral coat proteins, and intracellular antigens from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus.
Journal ArticleDOI
Structure of a nanobody-stabilized active state of the β2 adrenoceptor
Søren G. F. Rasmussen,Hee Jung Choi,Juan Jose Fung,Els Pardon,Paola Casarosa,Pil Seok Chae,Brian T. DeVree,Daniel M. Rosenbaum,Foon Sun Thian,Tong Sun Kobilka,Andreas Schnapp,Ingo Konetzki,Roger K. Sunahara,Samuel H. Gellman,Alexander Pautsch,Jan Steyaert,William I. Weis,Brian K. Kobilka +17 more
TL;DR: A camelid antibody fragment to the human β2 adrenergic receptor is generated, and an agonist-bound, active-state crystal structure of the receptor-nanobody complex is obtained, providing insights into the process of agonist binding and activation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electrochemical Biosensors - Sensor Principles and Architectures
TL;DR: In this article, the most common traditional traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, including nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nanobodies: Natural Single-Domain Antibodies
TL;DR: The facile identification of antigen-specific VHHs and their beneficial biochemical and economic properties have encouraged antibody engineering of these single-domain antibodies for use as a research tool and in biotechnology and medicine.
Journal ArticleDOI
Structure and function of immunoglobulins.
TL;DR: Immunoglobulins are heterodimeric proteins composed of 2 heavy and 2 light chains that can be separated functionally into variable domains that bind antigens and constant domains that specify effector functions, such as activation of complement or binding to Fc receptors.
References
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TL;DR: Molecular Cloning has served as the foundation of technical expertise in labs worldwide for 30 years as mentioned in this paper and has been so popular, or so influential, that no other manual has been more widely used and influential.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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