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Optics in Our Time

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In this article, the authors present a vast collection of articles on various aspects of light and its applications in the contemporary world at a popular or semi-popular level, where the world experts have come together to present the developments in this most important field of science in an almost pedagogical manner.
Abstract
Light and light based technologies have played an important role in transforming our lives via scientific contributions spanned over thousands of years. In this book we present a vast collection of articles on various aspects of light and its applications in the contemporary world at a popular or semi-popular level. These articles are written by the world authorities in their respective fields. This is therefore a rare volume where the world experts have come together to present the developments in this most important field of science in an almost pedagogical manner. This volume covers five aspects related to light. The first presents two articles, one on the history of the nature of light, and the other on the scientific achievements of Ibn-Haitham (Alhazen), who is broadly considered the father of modern optics. These are then followed by an article on ultrafast phenomena and the invisible world. The third part includes papers on specific sources of light, the discoveries of which have revolutionized optical technologies in our lifetime. They discuss the nature and the characteristics of lasers, Solid-state lighting based on the Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology, and finally modern electron optics and its relationship to the Muslim golden age in science. The book’s fourth part discusses various applications of optics and light in today's world, including biophotonics, art, optical communication, nanotechnology, the eye as an optical instrument, remote sensing, and optics in medicine. In turn, the last part focuses on quantum optics, a modern field that grew out of the interaction of light and matter. Topics addressed include atom optics, slow, stored and stationary light, optical tests of the foundation of physics, quantum mechanical properties of light fields carrying orbital angular momentum, quantum communication, and Wave-Particle dualism in action.

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Mohammad D. Al-Amri
Mohamed M. El-Gomati
M. Suhail Zubairy
Editors
Optics
in Our Time

Optics in Our Time

Mohammad D. Al-Amri
Mohamed M. El-Gomati
M. Suhail Zubairy
Optics in Our Time

Editors
Mohammad D. Al-Amri
National Center for Applied Physics
King Abdulaziz City for Science
and Technology
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Mohamed M. El-Gomati
Department of Electronics
University of York
Heslington, UK
M. Suhail Zubairy
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-31902-5 ISBN 978-3-319-31903-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016959602
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2016. The book is published with open access.
Open access This book is distrib uted under the terms of the Crea tive Commons At tribution 4.0 International
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you giv e appropriat e credit to the original author(s) and
the source, a li nk is provided to the Creati ve Commons license, and any changes made are indicated.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the work's Creative Commons license, unless
indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work's Creative Commons license and the
respective act ion is not permitted b y statutory regulati on, users will need to ob tain permission from the l icense
holder to dupli cate, adapt o r reproduce th e material.
This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is c oncerned, specifical ly the rights of translation, r eprinting, reuse of ill ustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, repro duction on micr ofilms or in any other physical way, and transmissi on or info rmation storage
and retrieva l, electronic adaptation, compute r softwar e, or by similar or dissimi lar method ology now known or
hereafter dev eloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws
and regulations and the refore free for g eneral use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be
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Printed on acid-free paper
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Foreword
Light has occupied a position of importance in our
attempt to understand the world around us. The
earliest studies going back to the dawn of civiliza-
tion related to our attempts to understand vision
and the properties of optical materials . The mod-
ern era in optics is rooted in the great work of Ibn
al-Haytham whose work on the nature of light and
its applications had a long-lasting impact. In our
generation, the discovery of laser has opened up
not only new areas of research but also had great
impact on a number of technologies. Lasers have
revolutionized the elds of communication, med-
icine, and biotechnolog y. It has inuenced the art,
architecture, and printing. It is therefore betting
that United Nations has declared 2015 as the
International Year of Light and Light-Based
Technologies to celebrate these great
achievements. Saudi Arabia is one of the sponsors
of this initiative that has ignited a number of
activities all around the world. This volume,
which covers the history of light and its
applications to many diverse branches of science,
contains articles by some of the leading scientists
who have played a key role in advancing the
frontiers in our own times.
Turki S.M. Al-Saud
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology,
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
v

Citations
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Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

TL;DR: The striking signature of Bose condensation was the sudden appearance of a bimodal velocity distribution below the critical temperature of ~2µK.
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Photonic quantum information processing: a review

TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results, can be found in this article, where significant achievements are presented in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
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Principles of lasers

TL;DR: In this paper, Abraham and Casperson used the BR = y + p P (3a j ) to express the BR in terms of BR + p p + 3a j.

The Blue Laser Diode

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A New Method for Gravitational Wave Detection with Atomic Sensors

TL;DR: A new detection strategy based on recent advances in optical atomic clocks and atom interferometry which can operate at long baselines and which is immune to laser frequency noise is described, which allows sensitive gravitational wave detection with only a single baseline.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Introduction to Fourier Optics

Joseph W. Goodman, +1 more
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TL;DR: The second edition of this respected text considerably expands the original and reflects the tremendous advances made in the discipline since 1968 as discussed by the authors, with a special emphasis on applications to diffraction, imaging, optical data processing, and holography.
Journal ArticleDOI

Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels

TL;DR: An unknown quantum state \ensuremath{\Vert}\ensure Math{\varphi}〉 can be disassembled into, then later reconstructed from, purely classical information and purely nonclassical Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations.
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Quantum cryptography based on Bell's theorem.

TL;DR: Practical application of the generalized Bells theorem in the so-called key distribution process in cryptography is reported, based on the Bohms version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen gedanken experiment andBells theorem is used to test for eavesdropping.
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Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter

Sumio Iijima, +1 more
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the synthesis of abundant single-shell tubes with diameters of about one nanometre, whereas the multi-shell nanotubes are formed on the carbon cathode.