Permanent magnet motor technology : design and applications

TLDR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the history of permanent magnet motors and their applications in automotive and industrial applications, including the development and performance of brushless motors and motors with disk rotors.

Abstract: Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 Permanent magnet versus electromagnetic excitation 1.2 Permanent magnet motor drives 1.3 Towards increasing the motor efficiency 1.4 Classification of permanent magnet electric motors 1.5 Trends in permanent magnet motors and drives industry 1.6 Applications of permanent magnet motors 1.7 Mechatronics 1.8 Fundamentals of mechanics of machines 1.9 Torque balance equation 1.10 Evaluation of cost of a PM motor 2. Permanent Magnet Materials and Circuits 2.1 Demagnetization curve and magnetic parameters 2.2 Early history of permanent magnets 2.3 Properties of permanent magnets 2.4 Approximation of demagnetization curve and recoil line 2.5 Operating diagram 2.6 Permeances for main and leakage fluxes 2.7 Calculation of magnetic circuits with permanent magnets 2.8 Mallinson-Halbach array and Halbach cylinder 3. Finite Element Analysis 3.1. Gradient, divergence and curl 3.2 Biot-Savart, Faraday's, and Gauss's laws 3.3 Gauss's theorem 3.4 Stokes' theorem 3.5 Maxwell's equations 3.6 Magnetic vector potential 3.7 Energy functionals 3.8 Finite element formulation 3.9 Boundary conditions 3.10 Mesh generation 3.11 Forces and torques in electromagnetic field 3.12 Inductances 3.13 Interactive FEM programs 4. Permanent Magnet d.c. Commutator Motors 4.1 Construction 4.2 Fundamental equations 4.3 Sizing procedure 4.4 Armature reaction 4.5 Commutation 4.6 Starting 4.7 Speed control 4.8 Servo motors 4.9 Magnetic circuit 4.10 Applications 5. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 5.1 Construction 5.2 Fundamental relationships 5.3 Phasor diagram 5.4 Characteristics 5.5 Starting 5.6 Reactances 5.7 Rotor configurations 5.8 Comparison between synchronous and induction motors 5.9 Sizing procedure and main dimensions 5.10 Performance calculation 5.11 Dynamic model of a PM motor 5.12 Noise and vibration of electromagnetic origin 5.13 Applications 6. d.c. Brushless Motors 6.1 Fundamental equations 6.2 Commutation of PM brushless motors 6.3 EMF and torque of PM brushless motors 6.4 Torque-speed characteristics 6.5 Winding losses 6.6 Torque ripple 6.7 Rotor position sensing of d.c. brushless motors 6.8 Sensorless motors 6.9 Motion Control of PM brushless motors 6.10 Universal brushless motor electromechanical drives 6.11 Smart motors 6.12 Applications 7. Axial Flux Motors 7.1 Force and torque 7.2 Performance 7.3 Double-sided motor with internal PM disk rotor 7.4 Double-sided motor with one stator 7.5 Single-sided motors 7.6 Ironless double-sided motors 7.7 Multidisk motors 7.8 Applications 8. High Power Density Brushless Motors 8.1 Design considerations 8.2 Requirements 8.3 Multiphase motors 8.4 Fault-tolerant PM brushless machines 8.5 Surface PM versus salient-pole rotor 8.6 Electromagnetic effects 8.7 Cooling 8.8 Construction of motors with cylindrical rotors 8.9 Construction of motors with disk rotors 8.10 Transverse flux motors 8.11 Applications 9. High Speed Motors 9.1 Why high speed motors? 9.2 Mechanical requirements 9.3 Construction of high speed PM brushless motors 9.4 Design of high speed PM brushless motors 9.5 Ultra high speed motors 9.6 Applications 10. Brushless Motors of Special Construction 10.1 Single-phase motors 10.2 Actuators for automotive 10.3 Integrated starter-generator 10.4 Large diameter motors 10.5 Three-axis torque motor 10.6 Slotless motors 10.7 Tip driven fan motors 11. Stepping Motors 11.1 Features of stepping motors 11.2 Fundamental equations 11.3 PM stepping motors 11.4 Reluctance stepping motors 11.5 Hybrid stepping motors 11.6 Motion control of stepping motors 11.7 PM stepping motors with rotor position transducers 11.8 Single-phase stepping motors 11.9 Voltage Equations and Electromagnetic Torque 11.10 Characteristics 11.11 Applications 12. Micromotors 12.1 What is a micromotor? 12.2 Permanent magnet brushless micromotors 12.3 Applications 13. Optimization 13.1 Mathematical formulation of optimization problem 13.2 Nonlinear programming methods 13.3 Population-based incremental learning 13.4 Response surface methodology 13.5 Modern approach to optimization of PM motors 14. Maintenance 14.1 Basic requirements to electric motors 14.2 Reliability 14.3 Failures of electric motors 14.4 Calculation of reliability of small PM brushless motors 14.5 Vibration and noise 14.6 Condition monitoring 14.7 Protection 14.8 Electromagnetic and radio frequency interference 14.9 Lubrication Appendices A. Leakage Inductance of a.c. Stator Windings B. Losses in a.c. Motors Symbols and Abbreviations References Index