Phylogenetic and case-control study on hepatitis E virus infection in Germany.
Ole Wichmann,Sven Schimanski,Judith Koch,Martin Kohler,Camilla Rothe,Annelie Plentz,Wolfgang Jilg,Klaus Stark +7 more
TLDR
Hepatitis E is endemic in Germany and likely exists as a food-borne zoonosis and Implicated meat products should be investigated to provide recommendations for preventive measures.Abstract:
Background Hepatitis E is a classic water-borne disease in developing countries. In Germany, hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections are notifiable. The number of non-travel-associated infections has increased in recent years, but the route of transmission in most is unknown. Our objective was to determine risk factors for autochthonous HEV infections in Germany. Methods Cases of HEV met clinical definitions and were confirmed by laboratory analysis (defined as detection of HEV by polymerase chain reaction [PCR] or immunoglobulin M by serologic testing). PCR products from blood or stool samples were genotyped for phylogenetic analysis. A case-control study included case subjects with autochthonous HEV infection and matched control subjects who were randomly recruited from a population-based telephone list. Results From May 2006 through August 2007, 76 of 96 persons for whom HEV infection had been reported to the routine surveillance system were interviewed. Sixty-six persons had disease that fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 45 (68%) had autochthonous infection, and 21 (32%) had travel-associated disease. Genotypes 3 or 4 were present in 15 of 15 persons with autochthonous infection, and genotype 1 was present in 8 of 9 persons with travel-associated infection. In conditional logistic regression involving 45 case subjects and 135 control subjects, consumption of offal (41% vs. 19%; odds ratio [OR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-6.2) and wild-boar meat (20% vs. 7%; OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.2-15.9) were independently associated with autochthonous HEV infection. Conclusion Hepatitis E is endemic in Germany and likely exists as a food-borne zoonosis. Implicated meat products should be investigated to provide recommendations for preventive measures.read more
Citations
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Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans.
Philippe Colson,Patrick Borentain,Benjamin Queyriaux,Benjamin Queyriaux,Mamadou Kaba,Valérie Moal,Pierre Gallian,Laurent Heyries,Didier Raoult,René Gerolami +9 more
TL;DR: The findings strongly support the hypothesis of HEV infection through ingestion of raw figatellu, a traditional pig liver sausage widely eaten in France and commonly consumed raw, as a source ofHEV infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hepatitis E Virus Infection
Nassim Kamar,Nassim Kamar,Harry R. Dalton,Florence Abravanel,Florence Abravanel,Jacques Izopet,Jacques Izopet +6 more
TL;DR: In this comprehensive review, the current knowledge about the virus itself, as well as the epidemiology, diagnostics, natural history, and management of HEV infection in developing and developed countries are summarized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Zoonotic hepatitis E: animal reservoirs and emerging risks.
TL;DR: Several lines of evidence indicate that, in some cases involving HEV genotypes 3 and 4, animal to human transmissions occur, and individuals with direct contact with animals are at higher risk of HEV infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Detection of a novel hepatitis E-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR
TL;DR: A nested broad-spectrum RT-PCR protocol was developed capable of detecting different HEV types including those derived from wild boar and chicken and its suitability to serve in a laboratory rat animal model for human hepatitis E is assessed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Acute Hepatitis E Infection Accounts for Some Cases of Suspected Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Timothy Davern,Naga Chalasani,Robert J. Fontana,Paul H. Hayashi,Petr Protiva,David E. Kleiner,Ronald E. Engle,Hanh Nguyen,Suzanne U. Emerson,Robert H. Purcell,Hans L. Tillmann,Jiezhun Gu,Jose Serrano,Jay H. Hoofnagle +13 more
TL;DR: HEV infection contributes to a small but important proportion of cases of acute liver injury that are suspected to be drug induced, andSerologic testing for HEV infection should be performed, particularly if clinical features are compatible with acute viral hepatitis.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Hepatitis E virus and chronic hepatitis in organ-transplant recipients.
Nassim Kamar,Janick Selves,Jean-Michel Mansuy,Leila Ouezzani,Jean-Marie Péron,Joelle Guitard,Olivier Cointault,Laure Esposito,Florence Abravanel,Marie Danjoux,Dominique Durand,Jean-Pierre Vinel,Jacques Izopet,Lionel Rostaing +13 more
TL;DR: The time from transplantation to diagnosis was significantly shorter and the total counts of lymphocytes and of CD2, CD3, and CD4 T cells were significantly lower in patients in whom chronic disease developed.
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Phylogenetic analysis of global hepatitis E virus sequences: genetic diversity, subtypes and zoonosis.
TL;DR: In most areas where HEV genotypes 3 and 4 were characterised, sequences from both humans and animals were highly conserved, indicating they originated from the same infectious sources.
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Hepatitis E virus transmission from wild boar meat.
Tian-Cheng Li,Katsumi Chijiwa,Nobuyuki Sera,Tetsuya Ishibashi,Yoshiki Etoh,Yuji Shinohara,Yasuo Kurata,Miki Ishida,Shigeru Sakamoto,Naokazu Takeda,Tatsuo Miyamura +10 more
TL;DR: Findings provided direct evidence of zoonotic foodborne transmission of HEV from a wild boar to a human, and Genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA was detected in both patient serum andWild boar meat.
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Severe Hepatitis E Virus Infection after Ingestion of Uncooked Liver from a Wild Boar
TL;DR: Although the authors could not prove that the uncooked boar liver was the source of the HEV infection (since it all had been eaten), it appears likely that this was the case.