Journal ArticleDOI
Predicted and measured levels of azinphosmethyl in the Lourens River, South Africa: Comparison of runoff and spray drift
James M. Dabrowski,Ralf Schulz +1 more
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TLDR
Runoff is clearly a more important source of nonpoint pollution in the studied catchment, and mitigation strategies should focus first on addressing this aspect on a catchment scale and second on addressing problem areas on a subcatchment scale.Abstract:
Runoff and spray drift are important sources of nonpoint pesticide pollution in surface waters, but few studies have directly compared these routes of input in an exposure assessment scenario. To this end, a runoff formula suggested by the Organization for Economic and Cooperative Development (Paris, France) and basic drift values (95th percentiles) were integrated into a geographical information system (GIS) to predict runoff and spray drift-related loading of azinphosmethyl (AZP) in the Lourens River (LR), South Africa. The GIS-integrated calculations were first validated in the tributaries of the river, where measured loads were well predicted for both runoff (r(20 = 0.95; p < 0.0001; n = 9) and spray drift (r(2) = 0.96; p = 0.0006; n = 8). Through extrapolation to the catchment scale containing 400 ha of orchards, the GIS-integrated calculations predicted similar loads of AZP as measured in the Lourens River mainstream for six runoff (between a factor of 1.03 and 1.86 lower) and six spray drift (between a factor of 1.1 and 2.4 higher) events. Mean measured loads per event were significantly (p = 0.004) higher for runoff (27.8 +/- 19.1 g) than for spray drift (0.69 +/- 0.32 g). Based on long-term meteorological data and average application regimes, runoff leads to a higher annual load (47.6 g) than spray drift (5.5 g) in the Lourens River. Runoff is clearly a more important source of nonpoint pollution in the studied catchment, and mitigation strategies should focus first on addressing this aspect on a catchment scale and second on addressing problem areas on a subcatchment scale.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Analyzing effects of pesticides on invertebrate communities in streams
TL;DR: Results showed that measured pesticide concentrations of 1:10 of the acute 48-h median lethal concentration of Daphnia magna led to a short- and long-term reduction of abundance and number of SPEAR and a corresponding increase in SPEnotAR and the importance of considering ecological traits and recolonization processes on the landscape level for ecotoxicological risk assessment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into ground- and surface water and their effectiveness; A review
TL;DR: The current knowledge on mitigation strategies to reduce pesticide inputs into surface water and groundwater, and their effectiveness when applied in practice is reviewed, and recommended measures considered both effective and feasible are recommended for implementing at the farm and catchment scale.
Journal ArticleDOI
Field studies on exposure, effects, and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint-source insecticide pollution: a review.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed 42 effect studies on insecticide exposure and observed effects in situ, on abundance, drift, community structure, or dynamics in natural surface waters under field conditions due to normal farming practice.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ground Deposition and Airborne Spray Drift Assessment in Vineyard and Orchard: The Influence of Environmental Variables and Sprayer Settings
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of different parameters on comparative measurements of ground and airborne spray drift employing the ISO22866:2005 protocol were evaluated in orchard and vineyard at late growth stage.
Journal ArticleDOI
Agrochemical spray drift; assessment and mitigation—A review*
Allan S. Felsot,John B Unsworth,Jan B H J Linders,Graham Roberts,Dirk Rautman,Caroline Harris,Elizabeth Carazo +6 more
TL;DR: It is not possible to avoid spray drift completely but it can be minimized by using best-management practices, which include using appropriate nozzle types, shields, spray pressure, volumes per area sprayed, tractor speed and only spraying when climatic conditions are suitable.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Experimental evidence of transport of pesticides through field soils - a review
TL;DR: A review of the literature with a focus on pesticide leaching to groundwater can be found in this article, where several factors, such as surface preparation, soil structure, soil water content, type of irrigation, pesticide formulation, time of application and rainfall events, are discussed with support of experimental evidence.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wetland and Stream Buffer Size Requirements—A Review
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Journal ArticleDOI
Pesticides in stream water within an agricultural catchment in southern Sweden, 1990–1996
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Use of Grassed Buffer Strips to Remove Pesticides, Nitrate and Soluble Phosphorus Compounds from Runoff Water
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